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Gen. Anatomy Lecture > Skeletal System-Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Skeletal System-Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the skeletal system?

A

(1) cartilage
(2) bone
(3) tendons
(4) ligaments

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2
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

protection, rigid support structure, movement (act as levers), storage (Ca, P and fat), and blood cell production

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3
Q

made up of cells and extracellular matrix, chondrocytes located in lacunae (holes for cells), contains collagen and elastic fibers, ground substance also has chondroitin sulfates, no vasculature or lymphocytes (slow healing)

A

cartilage

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4
Q

most common but weakest cartilage, made of chondrocytes, lots of chondroitin sulfate, some collagen and 60-80% water, found in embryonic skeleton, articular surfaces, and respiratory passages

A

hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

a stronger and more flexible cartilage, made of chondrocytes, intermediate amounts of chondroitin sulfates and densely packed elastic fibers (increase flexibility)

A

elastic cartilage

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6
Q

strongest but least flexible cartilage, good for stress coming in a known direction, made up of chondrocytes, small amounts of chondroitin sulfate, and densely packed collagen fibers, found in intervertebral disc, interpubic disc, and articular cartilage in knee

A

fibrocartilage

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7
Q

surrounds hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage, absent on articular surfaces and fibrocartilage (prevents bleeding out), vascular and has outer and inner layers

A

perichondrium

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8
Q

has dense irregular connective tissues, provides anchorage, support, and protection, also houses blood vessels and nerves

A

outer layer of perichondrium

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9
Q

cellular, has new chondrocytes and is the site of growth and maintenance

A

inner layer of perichondrium

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10
Q

during appositional growth, chondrogenic stem cells divide and become _____________

A

chondroblasts

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11
Q

during appositional growth, chondroblasts become enclosed in matrix and differentiate into ______________

A

chondrocytes

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12
Q

one end of a long bone

A

epiphysis

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13
Q

growth plate region of a long bone

A

metaphysis

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14
Q

shaft of a bone

A

diaphysis

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15
Q

marrow cavity of a bone

A

medullary cavity

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16
Q

made of supportive connective tissue, contains specialized cells, solid extracellular matrix consisting of protein fibers and ground substance with Ca salts

A

osseous tissue

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17
Q

what are the components of bone matrix?

A

about 65% inorganic material and 35% organic material

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18
Q

brittle, provides calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide (hydroxyapatite), the chalk component

A

inorganic material of bone matrix

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19
Q

flexible and collagenous, has glycoproteins and proteoglycans, resembles tendon

A

organic materials of bone matrix

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20
Q

What are the 4 kinds of bone cells?

A

(1) osteoprogenitor cells
(2) osteoblasts
(3) osteocytes
(4) osteoclasts

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21
Q

this kind of bone cell divides, differentiates and becomes osteoblasts

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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22
Q

this kind of bone cell secretes osteoid (organic matrix) and becomes mineralized, can be stimulated by electrical changes, more activity leads to stronger and denser bone

A

osterblasts

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23
Q

this kind of bone cell is mature bone cells, maintains proteins of matrix, and interact with canaliculi and lacunae

A

osteocytes

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24
Q

this kind of bone cell is multinucleated, and has increased mitochondria, osteolysis can occur with acid secretion, need of careful balance btwn osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

osteoclasts

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25
Q

what are the 2 types of bone?

A

compact (dense bone arranged in osteons) and spongy bone (honeycomb appearance)

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26
Q

made of osteons (unit of compact bone), concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix, central canal contains blood vessels and nerves, perforating canals run perpendicular to connect osteons

A

compact bone

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27
Q

has no osteons, has trabeculae, also contains osteocytes in lacunae, canaliculi, matrix, same components but a different organization for more lightweight and stronger in multiple directions

A

spongy bone

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28
Q

found on ends of long bones and inside flat bones, lightens the bone and allows for movement, spaces are filled with red marrow (hematopoiesis)

A

trabeculae

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29
Q

what are the two kinds of bone marrow?

A

yellow marrow and red marrow

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30
Q

has areolar or adipose connective tissue, found in the medullary cavity of long bones, place of energy storage

A

yellow marrow

31
Q

has areolar connective tissue or myeloid tissue, found in spongy bone, produces all types of blood cells

A

red marrow

32
Q

encloses bone, provides shock absorption and attachment to other tissues, has a vascular and neural route, absent at attachment of ligaments or tendons

A

periosteum

33
Q

What makes up the outer layer of the periosteum?

A

dense irregular connective tissue, gives anchorage, supports, and protects

34
Q

What makes up the inner layer of the periosteum?

A

osteoprogenitor cells for growth and maintenance

35
Q

collagen fibers from tendons and periosteum incorporated in bone, can take extreme force (will break bone before tendons

A

perforating fibers

36
Q

covers inner surface of spongy bone and medullary cavity, 1 cell layer thick with gaps (contains osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts to build and breakdown bone)

A

endosteum

37
Q

What are the 7 types of bone?

A

flat bones, long bones, sesamoid bones, sutural bone, irregular bone, short bone, pneumatized bone

38
Q

this kind of bone is flat and thin and has a spongy bone sandwich

A

flat bone

39
Q

these bones are longer than they are wide

A

long bone

40
Q

small bones in tendons that protect from wear and tear (knee, hands and feet)

A

sesamoid bone

41
Q

these bones have complex shapes

A

irregular bone

42
Q

these bones are cube shaped and have a relatively equal length and width

A

short bones

43
Q

these bones contain hollows or pockets, as seen in the sinuses

A

pneumatized bone

44
Q

begins 6 weeks post fertilization and usually lasts til age 25

A

osteogenesis

45
Q

deposition of Ca salts

A

calcification

46
Q

replaces connective tissue with bone

A

ossification

47
Q

type of osteogenesis that involves mesenchymal cells becoming spongy bone

A

intramembranous ossification

48
Q

type of osteogenesis that involves hyaline cartilage becoming spongy bone

A

endochondral ossification

49
Q

begins at about 8 weeks post fertilization (finished by 15), consistent stress placed on a membrane (heterotropic bone), also forms the dermal bone, layers of connective tissue can be seen at the site of future bone

A

intramembranous osteogenesis

50
Q

During intramembraneous ossification, connective tissue divides and differentiates to form __________, which form primary ______________.

A

osteoblasts, primary ossification center

51
Q

During intramembraneous ossification, osteoblasts become isolated and become _______________. The protruding struts of bone that are visible are called ____________.

A

osteocytes, spicules

52
Q

During intramembranous ossification, calcified matrix is degraded by ____________.

A

osteoclasts

53
Q

bone replaces hyaline cartilage model, begins at 6 weeks post fertilization, may continue to adulthood, forms most long/short bones

A

endochondral ossification

54
Q

During endochondral ossification, the hyaline cartilage model enlarges and ______________ are found near the center hypertrophy.

A

chondrocytes

55
Q

During endochondral ossification, the hyaline model enlarges and chondrocytes are deprived of nutrients and die because they are a(n) _____________.

A

avascular tissue

56
Q

During endochondral ossification, perichondral cells differentiate into ___________.

A

osteoblasts

57
Q

During endochondral ossification, fibroblasts differentiate into ___________, and form ___________________.

A

osteoblasts, primary ossification center

58
Q

During endochondral ossification, ___________ are responsible for remodeling the shaft of the bone.

A

osteoblasts

59
Q

During endochondral ossification, _______________ make more cartilage, ___________ convert to bone, and ___________ extend medullary cavity.

A

chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

60
Q

When the bone increases in diameter, ____________ growth at the periosteum is exhibited. ___________ cells assist in this process

A

appositional growth, osteoprogenitor cells

61
Q

During endochondral ossification, the center of epiphysis calcify and turn into the _____________.

A

secondary ossification center

62
Q

During endochondral ossification, incomplete ossification of the epiphyses occurs. This shows that articular cartilage is hyaline because______________.

A

the bone replaces a hyaline cartilage model in the beginning, and that is what is left at the end articulation

63
Q

bone growth occurs at the __________

A

epiphyseal plate

64
Q

During elongation of the bone, narrowing occurs at the ________________ when growth is almost complete.

A

epiphyseal line

65
Q

During appositional bone growth, the bone thickens as compact bone and is deposited beneath the ______________.

A

periosteum

66
Q

What are the two kinds of fractures?

A

(1) simple (closed) fracture

(2) compound (open) fracture

67
Q

What are the steps to bone repair?

A

(1) fracture hematoma forms in first hours (vascular tissue)
(2) fibrocartilage callus forms in approx. 3 weeks
(3) bony callus forms, lasts 3-4 months
(4) total remodeling can take weeks to months

68
Q

How is bone repair most effectively treated?

A

through immobilization

69
Q

What are 3 important factors for bone repair?

A

(1) nutrition
(2) sunlight
(3) hormones

70
Q

a dietary vitamin that increases osteoclast activity

A

vitamin A

71
Q

a dietary vitamin that helps osteoprogenitors become osteoblasts

A

vitamin C

72
Q

a dietary vitamin that helps to calcify the osteoid and promote dense bone

A

vitamin D

73
Q

an abnormal reduction of bone mass that usually begins at age 30 to 40, shows an imbalance between osteoclast and osteoblast activity

A

osteoperosis

Gen. Anatomy Lecture (15 decks)

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