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Gen. Anatomy Lecture > Cardiovascular System-Chapters 20 to 23 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System-Chapters 20 to 23 Flashcards

1
Q

a fluid connective tissue made of formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) and plasma (mostly water but include albumins, globulins, and fibriongen)

A

blood

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2
Q

part of plasma, help osmotic pressure concentration and transport of non polar molecules

A

albumins

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3
Q

part of plasma, help transport non polar molecules, include immunoglobulins

A

globulins

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4
Q

part of plasma, include protein fibrin which helps blood clotting

A

fibrinogen

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5
Q

There is lots of __ found in the extracellular fluid.

A

K+

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6
Q

Interstitial fluid (extra cellular fluid and plasma) make up about _____ of the fluid in your body. Intracellular fluid (ICF) makes up the other _____.

A

1/3 and 2/3

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7
Q

About 75% of interstitial fluid is considered to be extracellular fluid. There is lots of ______ in this substance

A

Na+

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8
Q

About 25% of interstitial fluid is considered to be plasma. __________ are found in plasma

A

albumins

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9
Q

have a biconcave disc structure (allows for a larger surface area to volume ratio), anucleate and lacking lots of organelles (allows for passage through capillaries), have about a lifespan of 120 days, replace 1%/day (3 million/sec)

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

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10
Q

allows for each Fe to bind an O2 (4 total per hemoglobin), can also bind oxygen

A

hemoglobin

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11
Q

A person produces antibodies for all the antigens that they __________.

A

don’t have

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12
Q

A person can have A antigens, B antigens, AB antigens, or neither known as ____.

A

O

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13
Q

universal donor

A

O-

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14
Q

universal acceptor

A

AB+

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15
Q

if you have the resus factor (Rh factor), you are considered to be ___________

A

Rh positive

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16
Q

if you are lacking the Rh factor, you are considered to be __________

A

Rh negative

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17
Q

Rh- people will produce antibodies when exposed to Rh+ blood, but is required at a level of _________

A

mass exposure

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18
Q

Leukocytes only live about a week. How do they move into tissue from blood cells?

A

move by diapedesis, when the squeeze between endothelial cells

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19
Q

What are the 2 classifications of leukocytes?

A

(1) granulocytes- granular inclusions in cytoplasm

(2) agranulocytes- no visible granules

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20
Q

also know as thrombocytes, produced by megakaryoctes, small anucleate cell fragments that produce proteins for blood clotting

A

platelets

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21
Q

How do platelets produce the proteins for blood clotting?

A

(1) transport of platelets and release of chemicals and enzymes
(2) formation of a temporary patch (role of fibrinogen)
(3) clot contraction (actin and myosin pull edges together)

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22
Q

All blood cells are derived from _____________. At each stage of differentiation, they lose some potency. __________ have the most unique pathway

A

pluripotent stem cells

lymphocytes

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23
Q

leukopoiesis

A

formation of WBC’s

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24
Q

immature WBC’s stay in the _________ or move to the __________. They can mature in areas such as the ___________, __________, or __________.

A

bone marrow or thymus.

mature in tonsils, lymph nodes or spleen

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25
Q

granulocytes complete their development in the ___________.

A

red marrow

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26
Q

circulation is a double circuit which consists of the ________ and __________ pathways.

A

pulmonary and systemic

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27
Q

moves blood from the heart to lungs, adds O2 and removes CO2, low pressure bc of shorter distance and less blood

A

pulmonary circuit

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28
Q

moves blood from hear to organs, supplies nutrients and removes waste, higher pressure

A

systemic circuit

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29
Q

What is the orientation and location of the heart?

A

located in the pericardial cavity within the mediastinum, base is superior and apex is inferior (pointed to the left)

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30
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

double serous membrane that encloses the heart

(1) visceral pericadrium- adheres to the heart wall
(2) parietal pericardium- outer layer

pericardial cavity between the 2 and filled with serous fluid

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31
Q

What are the 3 walls/layers of the heart?

A

(1) epicardium (visceral pericardium)- protective outer layer
(2) myocardium- middle interlocking layer
(3) endocardium- inner layer of valves and chambers, simple squamous and areolar tissue

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32
Q

What are the 2 kinds of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

(1) authrhythmic cells- initiate own action potentials, do not contract
(2) contractile cells- striated, short T-tubules, act as functional syncytium (intercalated discs and gap junctions)

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33
Q

superior chambers in the heart, receive blood from the veins, have auricles (cone shaped flaps where blood pools with a slight volume increase)

A

atria or atrium

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34
Q

inferior chambers in the heart, force blood out to the arteries (thicker and move volume), have trabeculae carne which are thick walls to prevent suction

A

ventricles

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35
Q

The semi-lunar valves sit between the ventricle and artery. What are their names?

A

(1) pulmonary valve- right side, entrance to pulmonary circuit, opens with right ventricle contracts
(2) aortic valve- left side, entrance to aorta, opens with the left ventricle contracts

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36
Q

The atrioventricular valves sit between the atria and ventricles. What are their names?

A

(1) tricuspid valve- 3 fibrous cusps, right atrioventricular orfice, atrial force open, ventricular force close
(2) bicuspid valve- 2 cusps, also called the mitral valve, left atrioventricular orfice

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37
Q

What is the pathway of blood in the right side of the heart?

A

(1) Right atrium- blood from the superior and inferior vena cava as well as coronary sinus
(2) Right AV (tricuspid valve)
(3) Right ventricle- conus arteriosus funnels to right pulmonary valve
(4) to left and right pulmonary arteries

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38
Q

What is the pathway of blood in the left side of the heart?

A

(1) Left atrium- recieves blood from the pulmonary veins
(2) Left AV (mitral) valve
(3) Left ventricle- through aortic valve to ascending aorta, aortic sinuses prevents cusps sticking to vessel walls, coronary arteries originate in sinuses

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39
Q

general characteristics of the pulmonary circuit

A

low resistance, arteries and veins are shorter and wider, lower pressure, thin ventricular wall, ventricle contracts vs. septum

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40
Q

general characteristics of the systemic circuit

A

high resistance, arteries and veins and long and thin, higher pressure, thick ventricular wall, contraction reduces length and diameter

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41
Q

what is coronary circulation?

A

the blood supply that supplies the heart, blockage is called coronary ischemia or angina, can result in heart tissue dying, treated by a combination of drugs, lifestyle changes and surgery

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42
Q

found on the ventricular side of the AV valves, collagen fibers that attach to the papillary muscles, prevent cusps from collapsing into atria when valve is closed

A

chordae tendinea

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43
Q

the right coronary artery supplies the __________

A

majority of the right side of the heart and some of the left side

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44
Q

the left coronary artery supplies _________

A

most of the left side of the heart and some of the right

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45
Q

the great, middle, and small cardiac veins drain into the __________

A

coronary sinus

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46
Q

the coronary sinus and anterior cardiac veins empty into the ___________

A

right atrium

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47
Q

contractile phase of the heart beat, chambers empty

A

systole

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48
Q

relaxation phase of the heart beat where chambers fill

A

diastole

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49
Q

sound where AV valves close

A

first sound (lub)

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50
Q

sound where semi-lunar valves close

A

second sounds (dub)

51
Q

found on the posterior wall of the right atrium

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

52
Q

spontaneously depolarize both atria, allow action potential to occur

A

pacemaker

53
Q

where 4 chambers of the heart meet, slows impulse

A

AV (atrioventricular) valve

54
Q

transmits down the interventricular septum

A

atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

55
Q

one supplies each ventricle, include moderator band and signal the papillary muscles (which signal the chordae tendinea)

A

bundle branches

56
Q

increase the surface area and points of synapse within the heart, reflect up external wall of ventricle, relay to contractile cells

A

Purkinje fibers

57
Q

spontaneous action potentials, controlled by altering the firing rate

A

autorhythmicity

58
Q

from the medulla oblongata, sensed by baroreceptors and the vagus nerve, sympathetic NS releases NE to increase heart rate, parasympathetic system releases Ach to decrease heart rate

A

neural control of cardiac control

59
Q

what is the total flow of circulation?

A

heart to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins to heart

60
Q

what is blood vessel tissue made of?

A

(1) endothelium- provides smooth surface for blood flow
(2) connective tissue- extensibility and elasticity to withstand pressure changes
(3) smooth muscle- vasoconstriction and vasodilation regulates flow

61
Q

what are 2 general principles of blood vessel tissue?

A

(1) higher pressure=more structure and elasticity

(2) thicker tissue=lower diffusion

62
Q

what are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A

(1) intima
(2) media
(3) adventitia

63
Q

made of simple squamous epithelium and CT to form a membrane, smooth surface for blood flow, helps regulate BP, in crease in elastic fibers in arteries due to the variance in pressure

A

intima

64
Q

concentric smooth muscle sheets and loose CT, muscular layer to regulate diameter, vasa vasorum is blood vessels of blood vessels

A

media

65
Q

composed of elastic and collagen CT fibers, attaches artery to surrounding connective tissues, vasa vasorum

A

adventitia

66
Q

how do arteries differ from veins?

A

(1) thicker media component
(2) appear smaller
(3) endothelium is pleated and cannot contract

67
Q

kind of artery that are always open, found in areas of high pressure, media has more elastic tissue than muscular tissue, found in the aorta

A

elastic (conducting) arteries

68
Q

kind of artery that are not always open, supply organ groups, media has more muscle than elastic tissue, seen in celiac artery

A

muscular (distribution) arteries

69
Q

found in areas of specific organs, small diameter to slow blood down, allow for exchange, more resistance and friction, no external elastic membrane deep of media, thin adventitia, and no vasa vasorum

A

arterioles

70
Q

exchange vessels, only contain intima because they are thin, basement membrane and simple squamous epithelium, low flow and pressure because of increased contact time, maximizes permeability

A

capillaries

71
Q

diffusion of lipids and some gases

A

simple diffusion

72
Q

diffusion of water and larger solutes

A

facilitated diffusion

73
Q

diffusion of water and small solutes

A

paracellular diffusion

74
Q

diffusion of large solutes

A

vesicular transport

75
Q

what are the 3 kinds of capillaries?

A

(1) continuous
(2) fenestrated
(3) sinusoidal

76
Q

complete lining of a capillary, tight junctions and desmosomes, passive diffusion and active transport, found in most regions of the body

A

continuous capillaries

77
Q

perforated endothelium (think roof tiles), rapid polar solute movement, found in kidneys, intestines, and choroid pelxus

A

fenestrated capillaries

78
Q

continuous or no lamina, large intercellular gaps for maximum exchange rate (whole cells), found in spleen, liver and bone marrow

A

sinusoidal capillaries

79
Q

capillary beds are a ___________ of capillaries

A

network

80
Q

smooth muscles that manage blood flow in a capillary bed

A

precapillary sphincters

81
Q

2 collateral arteries fuse, found in areas with high oxygen demands, create double the supply

A

arterial anastomosis

82
Q

for direct connection around a capillary bed, arteriole to venule, decrease blood flow through capillary bed

A

arteriovenous anastomosis

83
Q

what are the 3 main different pathways in vascular perfusion (root blood takes)?

A

(1) shunts-blood bypasses parenchyma (least active)
(2) arteriovenous anastomoses-partial perfusion (more active)
(3) capillary bed-maximal blood supply and most active

84
Q

smallest vein that collect capillaries, low pressure, no media or thin media, have valves to prevent the backflow due to low pressure (mainly found in extremities bc further from heart), blood through veins by skeletal muscle pump or respiratory pump

A

venules

85
Q

larger than venules and lower blood pressure with valves, can be medium sized (middle levels of media) or large sized (thicker levels of media)

A

veins

86
Q

is blood distribution even throughout the body?

A

no. 1/3 is oxygenated in arterial circuit, and 2/3 is deoxygenated in venous circuit. this is because the venous circuit acts as a blood reservoir. veins contract and are compressed during blood loss and exercise

87
Q

what is lymph?

A

lymph is a kind of fluid connective that is only found in lymphatic vessels. it is derived from interstitial fluid and originates from plasma. water and solutes for diffusion/filtration come from capillaries. lymph has a lower O2 content than blood because the cells have already used it

88
Q

interstitial fluid from tissues and the venous system, serves as an alternate transport route, carry nutrients, hormones, and waste, range in size, produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes (need their own population of WBC’s)

A

lymphatic system

89
Q

what are the names of the various lymphatic vessels

A

small lymphatic capillaries
medium lymphatic vessels
large lymphatic trunks
lymphatic ducts

90
Q

lymphatic vessels are often parallel blood vessels and are found in most tissues. however, they are absent in which 2 locations of the body?

A

avascular tissue and the CNS (because of CSF)

91
Q

closed ended tubes found in interstitial spaces, fenestrated with simple squamous epithelium and incomplete basal lamina, anchoring filaments keep open, contents provide health of surrounding tissue

A

lymphatic capillaries

92
Q

formed by the merging of lymph capillaries and are similar to veins, merge to form trunks, also travel with arteries of the same size

A

medium lymphatic vessels

93
Q

drain large regions of the body, named for the region they drain, include jugular, subclavian, broncomediastinal, intestinal, and lumbar

A

lymphatic trunks

94
Q

what are the 2 names of the lymphatic ducts?

A

thoracic duct and right lymphatic (deliver lymph to venous circulation)

95
Q

do the lymphatic ducts drain fluid from the body evenly?

A

no, they drain the body unevenly and the thoracic does the major

96
Q

what is the route that the thoracic duct takes? drains the lower body and upper left

A

(1) inferior to diaphragm (L2), expanded base at cisterna chyli
(2) penetrates diaphragm at the aortic hiatus (follows aorta)
(3) reaches level of left clavicle
(4) empties into base of left subclavian vein

97
Q

what is the route the right lymphatic duct takes? drains the upper right

A

comprised of the merging of many trunks (right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal), empties into base of right subclavian vein

98
Q

primary cells in the lymphoid system, originate in the blood stream, move into peripheral tissues, go into lymph and return to blood stream, composed of B cells, T cells, and NK cells

A

lymphocytes

99
Q

type of lymphocyte that develop in bone marrow, produce antibodies

A

B cells

100
Q

develop in the thymus, for cellular attack and cytokines

A

T cells

101
Q

develop in the bone marrow, for toxic vessels

A

NK cells

102
Q

many modules and dense CT form to made lymph nodes, many nodes form a lymphatic organ, include thymus, spleen, tonsils, and appendix

A

composition of lymphatic organs

103
Q

reticular connective tissue dominated by lymphocytes, MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) found in digestive tract

A

lymphoid nodules

104
Q

filter antigens and debris, between several afferent and one efferent lymph vessel, include hilum, trabeculae, cortex, and medulla

A

lymph nodes

105
Q

indentations where blood vessels, nerves, and efferent lymph vessels connect

A

hilum

106
Q

dense CT extensions of capsule

A

trabeculae

107
Q

outer cortex composed of aggregated B cells with germinal centers, deep cortex composed of T cells

A

cortex

108
Q

composed of B cells organized into chords

A

medulla

109
Q

lymph node of the head and neck

A

cervical

110
Q

lymph node of the upper limbs and mammary gland

A

axillary

111
Q

lymph node of the lower limbs

A

inguinal

112
Q

lymph node of the respiratory and mediastinal structures

A

thoracic

113
Q

lymph node of the urinary and reproductive structures

A

abdominal

114
Q

lymph node for the digestive structures

A

intestinal and mesenterial

115
Q

bind tube at start of large intestine, mass of fused lymph nodes, key for bacterial digestion in large intestine

A

appendix

116
Q

occurs when bacteria and virus enters the underlying tissues

A

appendicitis

117
Q

remove pathogens from air and food around the pharynx

A

tonsils

118
Q

only one, posterior superior nasopharynx, aka adenoids

A

pharyngeal tonsil

119
Q

two total, formed with the boundary of the soft palate

A

palatine tonsils

120
Q

two total, found at the base of the tongue

A

lingual tonsils

121
Q

largest lymphatic organ of the body and is found on the left side of the stomach, initiate immune responses by B and T cells, remove abnormal formed elements, rupture easily, white pulp with lymphoid nodules and red pulp with large amounts of WBC’s

A

spleen

122
Q

found in the mediastinum, first lymph organ to develop and grows until puberty, shrinks with age, replaced by fibrous and adipose tissue, composed to 2 lobes with lobules

A

thymus

123
Q

layer of thymus, produce T cells, blood-thymus barrier, prevents premature maturation

A

cortex of lymphoid stem cells

124
Q

layer of thymus, reticular cells that produce thymosin, allows for T cell differentiation, no blood thymus barrier

A

medulla of epithelia cells and T cells

Gen. Anatomy Lecture (15 decks)

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