Cardiovascular System-Chapters 20 to 23 Flashcards
1
Q
a fluid connective tissue made of formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) and plasma (mostly water but include albumins, globulins, and fibriongen)
A
blood
2
Q
part of plasma, help osmotic pressure concentration and transport of non polar molecules
A
albumins
3
Q
part of plasma, help transport non polar molecules, include immunoglobulins
A
globulins
4
Q
part of plasma, include protein fibrin which helps blood clotting
A
fibrinogen
5
Q
There is lots of __ found in the extracellular fluid.
A
K+
6
Q
Interstitial fluid (extra cellular fluid and plasma) make up about _____ of the fluid in your body. Intracellular fluid (ICF) makes up the other _____.
A
1/3 and 2/3
7
Q
About 75% of interstitial fluid is considered to be extracellular fluid. There is lots of ______ in this substance
A
Na+
8
Q
About 25% of interstitial fluid is considered to be plasma. __________ are found in plasma
A
albumins
9
Q
have a biconcave disc structure (allows for a larger surface area to volume ratio), anucleate and lacking lots of organelles (allows for passage through capillaries), have about a lifespan of 120 days, replace 1%/day (3 million/sec)
A
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
10
Q
allows for each Fe to bind an O2 (4 total per hemoglobin), can also bind oxygen
A
hemoglobin
11
Q
A person produces antibodies for all the antigens that they __________.
A
don’t have
12
Q
A person can have A antigens, B antigens, AB antigens, or neither known as ____.
A
O
13
Q
universal donor
A
O-
14
Q
universal acceptor
A
AB+
15
Q
if you have the resus factor (Rh factor), you are considered to be ___________
A
Rh positive
16
Q
if you are lacking the Rh factor, you are considered to be __________
A
Rh negative
17
Q
Rh- people will produce antibodies when exposed to Rh+ blood, but is required at a level of _________
A
mass exposure
18
Q
Leukocytes only live about a week. How do they move into tissue from blood cells?
A
move by diapedesis, when the squeeze between endothelial cells
19
Q
What are the 2 classifications of leukocytes?
A
(1) granulocytes- granular inclusions in cytoplasm
(2) agranulocytes- no visible granules
20
Q
also know as thrombocytes, produced by megakaryoctes, small anucleate cell fragments that produce proteins for blood clotting
A
platelets
21
Q
How do platelets produce the proteins for blood clotting?
A
(1) transport of platelets and release of chemicals and enzymes
(2) formation of a temporary patch (role of fibrinogen)
(3) clot contraction (actin and myosin pull edges together)
22
Q
All blood cells are derived from _____________. At each stage of differentiation, they lose some potency. __________ have the most unique pathway
A
pluripotent stem cells
lymphocytes
23
Q
leukopoiesis
A
formation of WBC’s
24
Q
immature WBC’s stay in the _________ or move to the __________. They can mature in areas such as the ___________, __________, or __________.
A
bone marrow or thymus.
mature in tonsils, lymph nodes or spleen
25
granulocytes complete their development in the ___________.
red marrow
26
circulation is a double circuit which consists of the ________ and __________ pathways.
pulmonary and systemic
27
moves blood from the heart to lungs, adds O2 and removes CO2, low pressure bc of shorter distance and less blood
pulmonary circuit
28
moves blood from hear to organs, supplies nutrients and removes waste, higher pressure
systemic circuit
29
What is the orientation and location of the heart?
located in the pericardial cavity within the mediastinum, base is superior and apex is inferior (pointed to the left)
30
What is the pericardium?
double serous membrane that encloses the heart
(1) visceral pericadrium- adheres to the heart wall
(2) parietal pericardium- outer layer
pericardial cavity between the 2 and filled with serous fluid
31
What are the 3 walls/layers of the heart?
(1) epicardium (visceral pericardium)- protective outer layer
(2) myocardium- middle interlocking layer
(3) endocardium- inner layer of valves and chambers, simple squamous and areolar tissue
32
What are the 2 kinds of cardiac muscle tissue?
(1) authrhythmic cells- initiate own action potentials, do not contract
(2) contractile cells- striated, short T-tubules, act as functional syncytium (intercalated discs and gap junctions)
33
superior chambers in the heart, receive blood from the veins, have auricles (cone shaped flaps where blood pools with a slight volume increase)
atria or atrium
34
inferior chambers in the heart, force blood out to the arteries (thicker and move volume), have trabeculae carne which are thick walls to prevent suction
ventricles
35
The semi-lunar valves sit between the ventricle and artery. What are their names?
(1) pulmonary valve- right side, entrance to pulmonary circuit, opens with right ventricle contracts
(2) aortic valve- left side, entrance to aorta, opens with the left ventricle contracts
36
The atrioventricular valves sit between the atria and ventricles. What are their names?
(1) tricuspid valve- 3 fibrous cusps, right atrioventricular orfice, atrial force open, ventricular force close
(2) bicuspid valve- 2 cusps, also called the mitral valve, left atrioventricular orfice
37
What is the pathway of blood in the right side of the heart?
(1) Right atrium- blood from the superior and inferior vena cava as well as coronary sinus
(2) Right AV (tricuspid valve)
(3) Right ventricle- conus arteriosus funnels to right pulmonary valve
(4) to left and right pulmonary arteries
38
What is the pathway of blood in the left side of the heart?
(1) Left atrium- recieves blood from the pulmonary veins
(2) Left AV (mitral) valve
(3) Left ventricle- through aortic valve to ascending aorta, aortic sinuses prevents cusps sticking to vessel walls, coronary arteries originate in sinuses
39
general characteristics of the pulmonary circuit
low resistance, arteries and veins are shorter and wider, lower pressure, thin ventricular wall, ventricle contracts vs. septum
40
general characteristics of the systemic circuit
high resistance, arteries and veins and long and thin, higher pressure, thick ventricular wall, contraction reduces length and diameter
41
what is coronary circulation?
the blood supply that supplies the heart, blockage is called coronary ischemia or angina, can result in heart tissue dying, treated by a combination of drugs, lifestyle changes and surgery
42
found on the ventricular side of the AV valves, collagen fibers that attach to the papillary muscles, prevent cusps from collapsing into atria when valve is closed
chordae tendinea
43
the right coronary artery supplies the __________
majority of the right side of the heart and some of the left side
44
the left coronary artery supplies _________
most of the left side of the heart and some of the right
45
the great, middle, and small cardiac veins drain into the __________
coronary sinus
46
the coronary sinus and anterior cardiac veins empty into the ___________
right atrium
47
contractile phase of the heart beat, chambers empty
systole
48
relaxation phase of the heart beat where chambers fill
diastole
49
sound where AV valves close
first sound (lub)
50
sound where semi-lunar valves close
second sounds (dub)
51
found on the posterior wall of the right atrium
sinoatrial (SA) node
52
spontaneously depolarize both atria, allow action potential to occur
pacemaker
53
where 4 chambers of the heart meet, slows impulse
AV (atrioventricular) valve
54
transmits down the interventricular septum
atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
55
one supplies each ventricle, include moderator band and signal the papillary muscles (which signal the chordae tendinea)
bundle branches
56
increase the surface area and points of synapse within the heart, reflect up external wall of ventricle, relay to contractile cells
Purkinje fibers
57
spontaneous action potentials, controlled by altering the firing rate
autorhythmicity
58
from the medulla oblongata, sensed by baroreceptors and the vagus nerve, sympathetic NS releases NE to increase heart rate, parasympathetic system releases Ach to decrease heart rate
neural control of cardiac control
59
what is the total flow of circulation?
heart to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins to heart
60
what is blood vessel tissue made of?
(1) endothelium- provides smooth surface for blood flow
(2) connective tissue- extensibility and elasticity to withstand pressure changes
(3) smooth muscle- vasoconstriction and vasodilation regulates flow
61
what are 2 general principles of blood vessel tissue?
(1) higher pressure=more structure and elasticity
| (2) thicker tissue=lower diffusion
62
what are the 3 layers of blood vessels?
(1) intima
(2) media
(3) adventitia
63
made of simple squamous epithelium and CT to form a membrane, smooth surface for blood flow, helps regulate BP, in crease in elastic fibers in arteries due to the variance in pressure
intima
64
concentric smooth muscle sheets and loose CT, muscular layer to regulate diameter, vasa vasorum is blood vessels of blood vessels
media
65
composed of elastic and collagen CT fibers, attaches artery to surrounding connective tissues, vasa vasorum
adventitia
66
how do arteries differ from veins?
(1) thicker media component
(2) appear smaller
(3) endothelium is pleated and cannot contract
67
kind of artery that are always open, found in areas of high pressure, media has more elastic tissue than muscular tissue, found in the aorta
elastic (conducting) arteries
68
kind of artery that are not always open, supply organ groups, media has more muscle than elastic tissue, seen in celiac artery
muscular (distribution) arteries
69
found in areas of specific organs, small diameter to slow blood down, allow for exchange, more resistance and friction, no external elastic membrane deep of media, thin adventitia, and no vasa vasorum
arterioles
70
exchange vessels, only contain intima because they are thin, basement membrane and simple squamous epithelium, low flow and pressure because of increased contact time, maximizes permeability
capillaries
71
diffusion of lipids and some gases
simple diffusion
72
diffusion of water and larger solutes
facilitated diffusion
73
diffusion of water and small solutes
paracellular diffusion
74
diffusion of large solutes
vesicular transport
75
what are the 3 kinds of capillaries?
(1) continuous
(2) fenestrated
(3) sinusoidal
76
complete lining of a capillary, tight junctions and desmosomes, passive diffusion and active transport, found in most regions of the body
continuous capillaries
77
perforated endothelium (think roof tiles), rapid polar solute movement, found in kidneys, intestines, and choroid pelxus
fenestrated capillaries
78
continuous or no lamina, large intercellular gaps for maximum exchange rate (whole cells), found in spleen, liver and bone marrow
sinusoidal capillaries
79
capillary beds are a ___________ of capillaries
network
80
smooth muscles that manage blood flow in a capillary bed
precapillary sphincters
81
2 collateral arteries fuse, found in areas with high oxygen demands, create double the supply
arterial anastomosis
82
for direct connection around a capillary bed, arteriole to venule, decrease blood flow through capillary bed
arteriovenous anastomosis
83
what are the 3 main different pathways in vascular perfusion (root blood takes)?
(1) shunts-blood bypasses parenchyma (least active)
(2) arteriovenous anastomoses-partial perfusion (more active)
(3) capillary bed-maximal blood supply and most active
84
smallest vein that collect capillaries, low pressure, no media or thin media, have valves to prevent the backflow due to low pressure (mainly found in extremities bc further from heart), blood through veins by skeletal muscle pump or respiratory pump
venules
85
larger than venules and lower blood pressure with valves, can be medium sized (middle levels of media) or large sized (thicker levels of media)
veins
86
is blood distribution even throughout the body?
no. 1/3 is oxygenated in arterial circuit, and 2/3 is deoxygenated in venous circuit. this is because the venous circuit acts as a blood reservoir. veins contract and are compressed during blood loss and exercise
87
what is lymph?
lymph is a kind of fluid connective that is only found in lymphatic vessels. it is derived from interstitial fluid and originates from plasma. water and solutes for diffusion/filtration come from capillaries. lymph has a lower O2 content than blood because the cells have already used it
88
interstitial fluid from tissues and the venous system, serves as an alternate transport route, carry nutrients, hormones, and waste, range in size, produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes (need their own population of WBC's)
lymphatic system
89
what are the names of the various lymphatic vessels
small lymphatic capillaries
medium lymphatic vessels
large lymphatic trunks
lymphatic ducts
90
lymphatic vessels are often parallel blood vessels and are found in most tissues. however, they are absent in which 2 locations of the body?
avascular tissue and the CNS (because of CSF)
91
closed ended tubes found in interstitial spaces, fenestrated with simple squamous epithelium and incomplete basal lamina, anchoring filaments keep open, contents provide health of surrounding tissue
lymphatic capillaries
92
formed by the merging of lymph capillaries and are similar to veins, merge to form trunks, also travel with arteries of the same size
medium lymphatic vessels
93
drain large regions of the body, named for the region they drain, include jugular, subclavian, broncomediastinal, intestinal, and lumbar
lymphatic trunks
94
what are the 2 names of the lymphatic ducts?
thoracic duct and right lymphatic (deliver lymph to venous circulation)
95
do the lymphatic ducts drain fluid from the body evenly?
no, they drain the body unevenly and the thoracic does the major
96
what is the route that the thoracic duct takes? drains the lower body and upper left
(1) inferior to diaphragm (L2), expanded base at cisterna chyli
(2) penetrates diaphragm at the aortic hiatus (follows aorta)
(3) reaches level of left clavicle
(4) empties into base of left subclavian vein
97
what is the route the right lymphatic duct takes? drains the upper right
comprised of the merging of many trunks (right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal), empties into base of right subclavian vein
98
primary cells in the lymphoid system, originate in the blood stream, move into peripheral tissues, go into lymph and return to blood stream, composed of B cells, T cells, and NK cells
lymphocytes
99
type of lymphocyte that develop in bone marrow, produce antibodies
B cells
100
develop in the thymus, for cellular attack and cytokines
T cells
101
develop in the bone marrow, for toxic vessels
NK cells
102
many modules and dense CT form to made lymph nodes, many nodes form a lymphatic organ, include thymus, spleen, tonsils, and appendix
composition of lymphatic organs
103
reticular connective tissue dominated by lymphocytes, MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) found in digestive tract
lymphoid nodules
104
filter antigens and debris, between several afferent and one efferent lymph vessel, include hilum, trabeculae, cortex, and medulla
lymph nodes
105
indentations where blood vessels, nerves, and efferent lymph vessels connect
hilum
106
dense CT extensions of capsule
trabeculae
107
outer cortex composed of aggregated B cells with germinal centers, deep cortex composed of T cells
cortex
108
composed of B cells organized into chords
medulla
109
lymph node of the head and neck
cervical
110
lymph node of the upper limbs and mammary gland
axillary
111
lymph node of the lower limbs
inguinal
112
lymph node of the respiratory and mediastinal structures
thoracic
113
lymph node of the urinary and reproductive structures
abdominal
114
lymph node for the digestive structures
intestinal and mesenterial
115
bind tube at start of large intestine, mass of fused lymph nodes, key for bacterial digestion in large intestine
appendix
116
occurs when bacteria and virus enters the underlying tissues
appendicitis
117
remove pathogens from air and food around the pharynx
tonsils
118
only one, posterior superior nasopharynx, aka adenoids
pharyngeal tonsil
119
two total, formed with the boundary of the soft palate
palatine tonsils
120
two total, found at the base of the tongue
lingual tonsils
121
largest lymphatic organ of the body and is found on the left side of the stomach, initiate immune responses by B and T cells, remove abnormal formed elements, rupture easily, white pulp with lymphoid nodules and red pulp with large amounts of WBC's
spleen
122
found in the mediastinum, first lymph organ to develop and grows until puberty, shrinks with age, replaced by fibrous and adipose tissue, composed to 2 lobes with lobules
thymus
123
layer of thymus, produce T cells, blood-thymus barrier, prevents premature maturation
cortex of lymphoid stem cells
124
layer of thymus, reticular cells that produce thymosin, allows for T cell differentiation, no blood thymus barrier
medulla of epithelia cells and T cells
