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Gen. Anatomy Lecture > Digestive System-Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Digestive System-Chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

the digestive system is heavily dependent on _________, carefully balancing between too ______ or too _________.

A

time

little or too much

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2
Q

travels from the mouth, to the pharynx, down the esophagus, to the stomach, through the intestines, down the rectum, and out the anus

A

alimentary canal

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3
Q

what are the accessory glands of the digestive system?

A

(1) salivary glands
(2) pancreas
(3) liver
(4) gallbladder

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4
Q

salivary glands release ________ to break down complex polysaccharides into subunits for better digestion and more surface area

A

amylase

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5
Q

your pancreas secretes __________ which help to breakdown lipases and amylase

A

proteases

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6
Q

the liver and gallbladder secrete ______ that help to make fat H2O water soluable

A

bile

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7
Q

what are some functions of the digestive system?

A 
breakdown and absorb nutrients 
ingestion and mechanical processing 
secretion 
digestion through chemical and enzymatic breakdown 
defecation and compaction
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8
Q

what are the 4 layers of the digestive tract from deep to superficial?

A

(1) mucosa
(2) submucosa
(3) muscularis externa
(4) serosa

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9
Q

the mucosal layer has ___________ which help to increase the surface area for contact and allow expansion

A

plica

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10
Q

what are the 3 layers of the mucosa?

A

(1) mucosal epithelium
(2) lamina propria
(3) muscularis mucosae

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11
Q

stratified layer of the mucosa to resist abrasion, have corpious villi to add even more surface area

A

mucosal epithelium

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12
Q

areolar connective tissue of the mucosa that also contains blood, lymphatic vessels, sensory nerves and MALT

A

lamina propria

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13
Q

smooth muscle layer and elastic fibers in the mucosa, circular and longitudinal layers

A

muscularis mucosae

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14
Q

composed of dense irregular connective tissue, larger blood and lymph vessels, nervous tissue, nourish surrounding tissues, transport absorbed nutrients

A

submucosa

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15
Q

the submucosal plexus is part of the _______ nervous system and is composed of parasympathetic and sympathetic postganglionic fibers

A

enteric nervous system

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16
Q

why are endocrine glands found in some regions of the submucosa?

A

they help to secrete enzymes and buffers

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17
Q

composed of 2 layers of visceral smooth muscle, form sphincters at certain locations, house the interstitial cells of Cajal that serve as GI pacemakers, myenteric plexus is muscle layers

A

muscularis externa

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18
Q

in the muscularis externa, the inner layer of smooth muscle is composed of __________ fibers that decrease their _________ upon contraction. the outer layer is composed of __________ fibers that decrease in _________ when contracted.

A

circular
diameter
longitudinal
length

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19
Q

the outer layer of the digestive tract, composed of epithelium and CT for protection, secrete serous fluid to decrease friction, most of the tract is found within the peritoneum, dense fibrous adventita found around the rest to reduce effects of abrasion

A

serosa

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20
Q

the movement of the bolus down the GI tract

A

peristalsis

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21
Q

what are the steps to peristalsis?

A

(1) circular muscles contract first, prevents food from moving back up
(2) longitudinal muscles contract second, pulls next section nearer
(3) circular muscles contract again, advances bolus down the tract

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22
Q

segmentation help to break down and ___________ the bolus

A

fragment

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23
Q

the peritoneal cavity is found in between the _____________ and the ____________

A

parietal peritoneum (outer) and the visceral peritoneum (inner)

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24
Q

the stomach, liver and ileum are all examples of _______________ organs

A

intraperitoneal (within the cavity)

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25
Q

the kidneys and ureters are ____________ organs

A

retroperitoneal (outside the cavity)

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26
Q

the pancreas and doudenum are ________________ organs

A

secondary retroperitoneal (move outside)

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27
Q

serous membrane connections between parietal and visceral peritonea, stabilize position and provide access for vessels and nerves

A

mesenteries

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28
Q

connects the stomach to the liver

A

lesser omentum

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29
Q

connects the stomach to the colon, forms an adipose pouch, provides insulation, padding, and an energy reserve

A

greater omentum

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30
Q

the mesentery proper is for the majority of the ______________

A

small intestine

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31
Q

the mesocolon is for the ____________

A

large intestine

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32
Q

the mouth is made of stratified squamous epithelium. why?

A

most cells per area, layering for increased abrasion, help compensate for greater force of friction

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33
Q

the root of the tongue is anchored to the _____________

A

hyoid bone

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34
Q

the _____________ connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth. recently, doctors have began to cut this in infants whose composition is too fibrous to allow for them to suck during breastfeeding

A

frenulum

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35
Q

what are the 3 locations of the salivary glands called?

A

(1) parotid
(2) sub-mandibular
(3) sub-mucosal

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36
Q

the salivary glands produce saliva which is made up of ___________ combined with ___________. they also produce salivary amylase which converts polysaccharides into _________, ___________ and ___________.

A

mucous combined with serous fluid

maltose, sucrose, and lactose

37
Q

what are the 4 kinds of teeth?

A

(1) incisors- for cutting
(2) cuspids- for tearing
(3) bicuspids (premolars)- for crushing and grinding
(4) molars- for crushing and grinding

38
Q

the top exposed region of the tooth is called the ________ and its outer layer is composed of ____________ (hardest substance in the body, just Ca salts). the __________ second layer found when moving inside the tooth

A

crown
enamel
dentin

39
Q

the root is inside and gum line and is covered in cementum. the root of the tooth forms a gomphosis with the host bone through the ____________

A

periodontal ligament

40
Q

the pulp cavity is the inner most layer of the tooth and houses nerves, while blood leaves through the ____________

A

root canal

41
Q

the gingival sulcus is found where ______________

A

the gums meet the tooth

42
Q

primary dentition = _______ teeth

secondary dentition= _______ teeth

A

20 teeth (incisior, cuspids, 1st and 2nd molars)

32 teeth (incisior, cuspids, bicuspids 1/2, molars 1/2/3)

43
Q

what are the 3 phases of swallowing called?

A

(1) buccal phase
(2) pharyngeal phase
(3) esophageal phase

44
Q

bolus compressed against hard palate, soft palate elevated, uvula rises and closes off nasopharynx and the tongue retracts

A

buccal phase

45
Q

the bolus reaches the posterior pharyngeal wall, the epiglottis tips backward and the bolus enters the esophagus

A

pharyngeal phase

46
Q

the upper esophageal sphincter opens and peristalsis begins

A

esophageal phase

47
Q

the passageway for food to the stomach, penetrates the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus, composed of mucosa (stratified squamous with folds for expansion), muscularis (skeletal muscle superior and smooth muscle inferior) and adventitia (structural support and collapses/expands)

A

esphagus

48
Q

temporary storage area for food and also help with some mechanical breakdown, chemical breakdown also occurs and little absorption, delivers chyme to small intestine

A

stomach

49
Q

lesser curvature of the stomach

A

medial

50
Q

greater curvature of the stomach

A

lateral

51
Q

cardia region of stomach

A

where stomach meets the esophagus

52
Q

fundus region of stomach

A

superior region

53
Q

body region of stomach

A

largest region

54
Q

plyoris region of stomach

A

where the stomach meets the small intestine

55
Q

what are 3 things that can be absorbed by the stomach?

A

alcohol, aspirin, and water

56
Q

the mucosal layer of the stomach has __________ which are folds that allow expansion

A

rugae

57
Q

what are the 3 muscularis layers of the stomach?

A

(1) outer=longitudinal
(2) middle=circular
(3) inner=oblique

58
Q

gastric glands house what 3 kinds of cells in the stomach?

A

(1) parietal cells
(2) chief cells
(3) enteroendocrine cells

59
Q

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (for vitamin B12 absorption)

A

parietal cells

60
Q

secrete pepsinogen which turns into pepsin when combined with HCl in the stomach. function is for protein catabolism

A

chief cells

61
Q

activated by the stretching of stomach tissue, secrete gastrin which in turn stimulates the parietal cells

A

enteroendocrine cells

62
Q

pepsin is a precursor and isn’t harmful as it travels into the stomach because it needs to be activated by ________

A

HCl

63
Q

why is it important enterendocrine cells are only stimulated when stomach tissue stretches?

A

if enteroendocrine cells were stimulated without the stretching of stomach tissue (no food present) then HCl would be released into the stomach by parietal cells and be absorbed by nothing. this would result in ulcers, stomach acid moving into the abdominal cavity, and the interior stomach lining being eaten away

64
Q

the organ where the most digestion takes place is the ____________

A

small intestine

65
Q

approximately 25cm long, short and wide, receives digestive secretions from the liver and pancreas, increases the overall pH of the chyme

A

duodenum

66
Q

approximately 2.5m long, site where the most digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine

A

jejunum

67
Q

approximately 3.5m long, absorbs the remaining nutrients, B12 absorbed here!

A

ileum

68
Q

what are the 3 things that increase surface area within the small intestine?

A

(1) plica circulares- folds in lining
(2) intestinal villi- fingerlike projections of mucosa
(3) microvilli- fingerlike extensions of the cell membrane

more branches allows for more surface area

69
Q

in the large intestine, no ___________ are present. instead, _______________ occurs

A

digestive enzymes

bacterial digestion (importance of appendix)

70
Q

site of bacterial digestion, absorbs water and vitamins (K & B) that are secreted by the small intestine (powered by a solute gradient), remants compacted and defecated as feces (exit by a slower, more infrequent peristalsis, requires mucous lubrication)

A

large intestine

71
Q

part of the large intestine, dilated pouch like structure that starts compaction, near the appendix

A

cecum

72
Q

a narrow, closed ended tube that house lymphatic tissue, off the distal end of the cecum

A

appendix

73
Q

the colon has a relatively large diameter and a thin wall. describe that path that the colon takes

A

from cecum, ascending colon to the right colic (hepatic) flexure, transverse colon to left colic (splenic) flexure, descending colon to the sigmoid colon (S shaped part at the terminal end)

74
Q

site of temporary fecal storage that leads to the anal canal

A

rectum

75
Q

mucous membrane folded into anal columns (which allow for expansion)

A

anal canal

76
Q

opening to the outside, guarded by 2 different sphincters, internal sphincter of smooth muscle, outer sphincter of skeletal muscle

A

anus

77
Q

digestive venous blood goes here first via the hepatic portal system, functions include metabolic regulation (removal of waste and toxins), hematological regulation, and the production of bile

A

liver

78
Q

function of liver, circulating levels of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, storage of excess and release of deficiency, removal of waste and toxins

A

metabolic regulation

79
Q

largest visceral reservoir and 25% of cardiac output, removal of damaged cells debris, synthesis of plasma proteins

A

hematological regulation

80
Q

come from hepatocytes and are stored in the gallbladder, composed of water, electrolytes, bilirubin and bile salts

A

bile

81
Q

the 2 lobes of the liver are separated by the _______________

A

falciform ligament

82
Q

the largest lobe of the liver is the right side. why is this?

A

because the stomach sits on the left side of the body and is therefore smaller

83
Q

hepatocytes around found around the central vein of the liver. they remove toxins, produce bile, and have tight junctions which form the ________________

A

blood biliary barrier

84
Q

the liver has what kind of capillaries?

A

sinusoidal for mass exchange and movement

85
Q

what are kupffer cells?

A

kupffer cells are fixed macrophages that are required in the liver because of their high permeability

86
Q

what is the path that bile takes?

A

hepatocytes, bile ducts, hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct

if eating- to common bile duct, duodenum

if not eating- cystic duct to gallbladder

when starting to eat- from gallbladder to common bile duct

87
Q

produced in the exocrine pancreas by pancreatic accni, drain into pancreatic duct and into duodenum

A

pancreatic juice

88
Q

pancreatic juice contains pancreatic amylase, proteases/trypsin, lipase, nucleases, and alkaline? why is alkaline important?

A

alkaline neutralizes the high acidity of the chyme from the stomach

Gen. Anatomy Lecture (15 decks)

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