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Gen. Anatomy Lecture > Integumentary System-Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Integumentary System-Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components of the integumentary system?

A

(1) the cutaneous membrane

(2) accessory structures

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2
Q

part of the cutaneous membrane, stratified squamous epithelial tissue, most layers of tissue per density, closest to waterproof

A

epidermis

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3
Q

part of the cutaneous membrane, composed of connective tissue, vascular, fibers and ground substance

A

dermis

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4
Q

include hair, nails, and glands

A

accessory structures

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5
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

(1) minimize damage (mechanical, bacterial, chemical)
(2) desiccation (keep the in in and the out out)
(3) aid in heat regulation
(4) aid in excretion of urea and uric acid
(5) synthesize vitamin D

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6
Q

stratified squamous epithelium, lack blood vessels, but can divide, older cells are pushed to the surface, older cells are dead b/c of lowest MBR

A

epidermis

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7
Q

What are the four kinds of epithelial cells?

A

(1) kerationcytes
(2) melanocytes
(3) Langerhan Cells
(4) Merkel Cells

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8
Q

make up about about 90% of epidermal cells, produce keratin, provide physical and osmotic protection

A

kerationcytes

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9
Q

make up about 8% of epidermal cells, produce melanin, provide protection against UV rays

A

melanocytes

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10
Q

wandering macrophages, from bone marrow, provide immune response, specialize in microbes and superficial cancer

A

Langerhan cells

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11
Q

found in deepest layer of epidermis, house fine touch receptors

A

Merkel Cells

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12
Q

True or False: Everyone has the same number of melanocytes?

A

True

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13
Q

What determines a persons skin color?

A

genetic expression and UV exposure

melanocyte stimulating hormone and keeping melanosomes around the nucleus to protect DNA

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14
Q

Freckles, or liver spots, form when __________ gather in a patch

A

melanocytes

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15
Q

A mole, or nevus, forms when ____________ overgrow locally

A

melanocytes

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16
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

(1) Stratum Germinativum
(2) Stratum Spinosum
(3) Stratum Granulosum
(4) Stratum Lucidum (thick skin only)
(5) Stratum Corneum

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17
Q

How long does is the lifespan of a epidermal cell?

A

15 to 30 days

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18
Q

deepest single layer of cells, includes merkel cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes and stem cells, have desmosomes and hemidesmosomes (ridges and papillae), more SA=more strength

A

Stratum Germinativum

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19
Q

8 to 10 cell layers, joined by desmosomes, melanin taken in by phagocytes, cells shrink and look spiky

A

Stratum Spinosum

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20
Q

the process of cells shrinking and looking spiky

A

crenation

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21
Q

3 to 5 layers of flat dying cells, lack organelles, dark staining keratohyalin granules, lamellar granules release lipid that repels water

A

Stratum Granulosum

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22
Q

only found in thick skin (palms and soles of feet), 3 to 5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells, full of keratin, most waterproof layer, lipid sandwich of keratin

A

Stratum Lucidum

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23
Q

shed in sheets due to desmosome junctions (think people holding hands), friction stimulates callus formation, insensible perspiration of approximately 1 pint per day, burns or xerosis patients

A

Stratum Corneum

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24
Q

palmer and plantar surface, approx. 30 layers of stratum conreum, contains all 5 layers

A

thick skin

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25
Q

includes all other body surfaces, few layers of stratum corneum, no stratum lucidum

A

thin skin

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26
Q

What are the two layers of the Dermis?

A

(1) Papillary Plexus

(2) Reticular Layer

27
Q

areolar connective tissue layer of dermis, includes capillaries and neurons, inflammation can occur from poison ivy, dermatitus, contains dermal papillae

A

papillary layer

28
Q

dense irregular connective tissue, collagen for strength and elastin for flexibility, anchoring layer, large vessels, nerves, adipocytes and arrector pili muscle

A

reticular layer

29
Q

What are the two layers that get blood to the skin?

A

(1) papillary plexus

(2) cutaneous plexus

30
Q

epidermal/dermal boundary, nourishes epidermis, contains the papillary reflex (blushing), ruptures to this layer cause bruising (bleeding into CT)

A

papillary plexus

31
Q

found in hypodermis, houses arteries and veins that supply the skin, contains a large venous reservoir (largest pool of blood in body), site for injection

A

cutaneous plexus

32
Q

Why do people get stretch marks?

A

from weight gain or seen after weight loss, collagenous fibers stretch, loose their elasticity and break, fibers tear and loss of recoil amongst elastin

33
Q

parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers in reticular dermis, give the skin strength and direction, are a vital understanding for surgery

A

cleavage lines

34
Q

What happens when incisions are made parallel to cleavage lines?

A

minimal scaring and wounds heal faster

35
Q

What happens when incisions or cuts are made perpendicular to cleavage lines?

A

elastic fibers open, slower healing and more scaring

36
Q

areolar and adipose connective tissues, collagen and elastic fibers while adipose insulates, houses major blood vessels and nerves, no distinct boundary and stabilizes the skin

A

hypodermis (superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer)

37
Q

accessory structure on most surfaces of body (besides lips, plantar, parts of digits, and palmer surfaces), can be altered, total number fixed at gestation

A

hair

38
Q

peach fuzz hair

A

vellus

39
Q

arm hair

A

intermediate

40
Q

thicker hair with a darker pigment, more coarse

A

terminal

41
Q

What are the 3 main functions of hair?

A

(1) protection
(2) insulation
(3) sensation

42
Q

smooth muscle that moves hair by pulling on the follicle and elevating the hair, produces goose bumps, insulatory mechanism

A

arrector pilli muscle

43
Q

sensory nerves that surround a hair follicle, direct hair movement, hypersensitivity as movement of the shaft can be felt

A

root hair plexus

44
Q

flexible, soft keratin core of a hair

A

medulla

45
Q

layers of hard keratin which give the hair its desired stiffness

A

cortex

46
Q

extremely thin, tough layer that contains more hard keratin

A

cuticle

47
Q

The _______ of the hair projects superficial to the skin, while the ___________ penetrates into the dermis

A

shaft, root

48
Q

surrounds the root of the hair, contains the root sheath, external root sheath, and glassy membrane

A

follicle

49
Q

epithelial layer involved in hair production, allows for growth

A

matrix

50
Q

indicates an inactive follicle, appears at end of growth cycle, pushed out when next growth cycle begins

A

club hair

51
Q

What are the 2 kinds of specialized exocrine glands of the dermis?

A

(1) sebaceous glands (oil)

2) sudoriferous glands (sweat

52
Q

secrete sebum (oil) through holocrine secretion, decreases evaporation, bacterial growth, and prevents the skin from cracking, released into hair follicle if hair present, otherwise sebum is secreted onto epidermis

A

sebaceous (oil) gland

53
Q

secrete sweat through merocrine secretion, regulate body temperature, excrete water and electrolytes, protect against environment and microbes, under neural control, include apocrine and merocrine types

A

sudoriferous (sweat) glands

54
Q

most areas of the skin, secretory portion in dermis with duct to surface, active throughout life, secrete directly onto skin surface

A

merocrine sudoriferous glands

55
Q

associated with a hair follicle, located in axialle and groin, produces viscous secretins at puberty, reduces friction and secretes pheromones

A

apocrine sudoriferous glands

56
Q

limit the distortion of mechanical pressure within digits

A

nail

57
Q

fungal, bacterial, viral, allergens, glandular pathology, and regulatory pathology

A

types of skin infections

58
Q

tissue damage and cell death, can result from exposure to heat, electricity, UV radiation, and chemicals, can result in dehydration (increased insensible perspiration), electrolyte imbalance and circulatory shock

A

burns to skin

59
Q

only the epidermis is damages, skin appears red and swollen

A

first degree burn

60
Q

epidermis and papillary dermis damaged, skin is red with blisters

A

second degree burn

61
Q

destroys entire cutaneous membrane, appears gray/white and then black

A

third degree burn

62
Q

Burn are considered critical if over __% of the body has a 2nd degree burn, or ___% of the body has a 3rd degree burn

A

25 and 10

63
Q

can include basal cell carcinoma (most common), squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma (in melanocytes)

A

skin cancer

64
Q

asymmetry, border, color, diameter, elevation

A

ABCDE detection rule for skin cancer (only guidelines)

Gen. Anatomy Lecture (15 decks)

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