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Gen. Anatomy Lecture > Endocrine System-Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Endocrine System-Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

used for chronic regulation of homeostasis for a slow and prolonged response, integrated with nervous system by hypothalamus and posterior pituitary, hormones released into ECF and carried in blood stream

A

general characteristics of the endocrine system

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2
Q

hormones retained in interstitial fluid

A

paracrine signaling

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3
Q

blood carries hormones to other sites

A

endocrine signaling

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4
Q

substance synthesized by specific cell or tissue, secreted to act on target cells with specific receptors

A

hormones

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5
Q

steriods

A

non-polar (cholesterol)

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6
Q

peptides

A

polar

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7
Q

amines

A

(1) polar if from adrenal medulla

(2) non-polar if from thyroid

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8
Q

signal transduction is important because it _____________ the response

A

magnifies

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9
Q

composed of rings of C and H (cholesterol derivatives), non polar covalent bonds, can cross cell membrane, include estrogens, androgens, aldosterone, and cortisol

A

steroid hormones

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10
Q

short chains of amino acids, cannot cross cell membrane, water soluable for long travel

A

peptide hormones

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11
Q

derived from either tyrosine or tryptophan, come form adrenal medulla or thyroid, membrane insoluable from adrenal medulla (polar), membrane soluable if from thyroid (non-polar)

A

amine hormones

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12
Q

What are the steps to negative feedback?

A

(1) gland senses increase in [substance]
(2) gland stops secreting hormone
(3) decrease in [substance], hormone secretion increases

*results in relatively stable concentration of substance and hormone

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13
Q

What is the controller for homeostasis in all vertebrates?

A

the hypothalamus (sends signals to the body and the pituitary)

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14
Q

what is the most important endocrine gland for regulation?

A

the pituitary gland

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15
Q

The hypothalamus has endocrine or neural control over what parts of the body?

A

(1) endocrine control of anterior pituitary gland (hormones carried in hypophyseal portal system)
(2) neural control of posterior pituitary gland (same neurons of hypothalamus)
(3) neural control of adrenal medulla (preganglionic chain straight to chromaffin cells)

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16
Q

The pituitary gland is inferior to the hypothalamus and connected by the infundibulum. How are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland different?

A

posterior- does not make any hormones, mostly hypothalamic axons

anterior- 5 types of endocrine cells (make stimulating hormones), include releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

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17
Q

What are 2 hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A

(1) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-kidneys decrease water excretion
(2) oxytocin- contraction of uterine muscles, contraction of milk ejection

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18
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

(1) melanocyte stimulation hormone (MSH)
(2) follice stimulating hormone (FSH)
(3) lutenizing hormone (LH)
(4) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
(5) growth hormone (GH)
(6) prolactin (PRL)
(7) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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19
Q

anterior pituitary hormone that increases melanin secretion

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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20
Q

anterior pituitary hormone that allows for follicular development in ovary and allows the testes to produce sperm, also stimulates the secretion of estrogen

A

follicular stimulating hormone (FSH)

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21
Q

anterior pituitary hormone that promotes the secretion of sex hormones, allows for release of the oocyte

A

lutenizing hormone (LH)

22
Q

anterior pituitary hormone that increases the rate and size of reproduction of body cells, targets muscle and bone

A

growth hormone (GH)

23
Q

anterior pituitary hormone that controls the secretion of thyroid hormones

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

24
Q

anterior pituitary hormone that targets mammary tissue, milk production and secretion, only systemic anterior pituitary hormone

A

prolactin (PRL)

25
Q

anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates adrenal cortex to produce corticosteriods

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

26
Q

brings blood from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary, less volume and higher concentration

A

portal system

27
Q

The thyroid gland is made up of _____________ cells (95%) that remove iodine from blood, and ___________ cells that produce calcitonin

A

follicular cells, parafollicular cells

28
Q

What are 3 thyroid hormones?

A

follicular cells- thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

parafollicular cells- calcitonin

29
Q

a thyroid hormone from follicular cells that increases glucogenolysis and protein synthesis, triiodothyronine is same but 5X more potent

A

thyoxine and triiodothyronine

30
Q

a thyroid hormone from parafollicular cells that decreases blood Ca and PO4 levels and increase renal excretion and osteoblast activity

A

calcitonin

31
Q

found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, composed of many tightly packed secretory cells, contain chief cells that produce parathyroid hormone

A

parathyroid gland

32
Q

increases Ca levels in blood, decreases renal Ca and PO4 excretion, increases osteoblast activity

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

33
Q

What measures are done to inhibit blood calcium levels?

A

elevate level of calcitonin, increases chance of kidney stone, inhibit osteoclast activity

34
Q

What measures are done to increase blood calcium levels?

A

keep more calcium in blood, add more calcium to blood, more osteoclasts active, decrease calcitonin test

35
Q

gland that is found in the thoracic cavity and is posterior to the sternum, produces thymosin which enhances lymphocyte production and competence

A

thymus

36
Q

Why is your thymus most active during childhood?

A

the thymus enhances white blood cell production which is usually done in bone marrow. because children have no bone marrow, the thymus must compensate and work more during this stage in life

37
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

(1) glomerulosa- mineralcorticoids, and Na retention
(2) fasiculata- glucocorticoids and cortisol
(3) reticularis- androgens (most deep layer)

38
Q

modified neural tissue made of chromaffin cells, epinephrine > norepinephrine

A

adrenal medulla

39
Q

What are 3 hormones secreted by the kidneys?

A

(1) renin- cascade to increase blood pressure (with aldosterone)
(2) erythropoietin- EPO, massive market for synthetics
(3) calcitrol- increases absorption of digested Ca

40
Q

What hormones does your heart secrete?

A

natriuretic peptides. they supress aldosterone and ADH, decrease blood volume and blood pressure

41
Q

posterior to stomach and attached to the duodenum by the pancreatic duct, has endocrine and exocrine function

A

pancreas

42
Q

endocrine function of the pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans

43
Q

What is the function of alpha cells in the pancreas?

A

raise blood sugar through glucagon release and increase glycogenolysis

44
Q

What is the function of beta cells in the pancreas?

A

lower blood sugar levels through insulin, increase glycogen sythesis

45
Q

What is the function of delta cells in the pancreas?

A

slows down all pathways, antagonizes growth hormone, releases somatostatin which inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion

46
Q

What are the 2 types of endocrine cells in the male gonads?

A

(1) interstitial cells

(2) nurse cells

47
Q

secrete androgens (LH), testosterone increases sperm production and allows for secondary sex characteristics

A

interstitial male gonadal cells

48
Q

secretes inhibin (FSH) which decreases FSH from anterior pituitary, androgen binding hormone increases testicular testosterone concentration

A

nurse cells in male gonadal cells

49
Q

What are the 2 types of endocrine cells in the female gonads?

A

(1) follice cells

(2) corpus luteum

50
Q

pre-ovulation hormones, estrogen allows for maturation of oocyte and endometrial development, inhibin decreases FSH from anterior pituitary

A

follice cells

51
Q

for post-ovulation, estrogens for maturation of oocyte and endometrial development, progesterone prepares body for pregnancy

A

corpus luteum

52
Q

made of pinelaocytes which are stimulated by collaterals from hypothalamus, secretes melatonin which antagonizes GnRH from hypothalamus and allows for constant circadian rhythms

A

pineal gland

Gen. Anatomy Lecture (15 decks)

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