Neural Tissue-Chapter 13

Question 1

What are the 2 whole body communication systems in humans?

Answer 1

(1) nervous system

(2) endocrine system

Question 2

a fast but short acting whole body communication system, coordinates all body systems, transmit electrochemical signals in specialized cells (generally to and from CNS)

Answer 2

nervous system

Question 3

a slower, more prolonged whole body communication system, vital for homeostasis, uses chemical signals carried in the blood stream, uses hormones and neurohormones

Answer 3

endocrine system

Question 4

neurons, neuroglia, connective tissue, and blood vessles

Answer 4

composition of nerves

Question 5

epineurium (outer dense irregular CT), perineurium, and endoneurium

Answer 5

connective tissue of nerves

Question 6

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 6

(1) central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

2) peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves

Question 7

composed of the brain and spinal cord, covered by meninges (membrane), develops as a hollow tube, cerebrospinal fluid fills central canal and ventricles, acts as body’s integration center and central controller

Answer 7

central nervous system

Question 8

composed of cranial and spinal nerves, motor and sensory nerves

Answer 8

peripheral nervous system

Question 9

part of peripheral nervous system, also known as afferent, do the input

Answer 9

sensory neurons

Question 10

part of peripheral nervous system, also known as efferent, do the output

Answer 10

motor neurons

Question 11

part of motor neurons, involves conscious control (skeletal muscle movement)

Answer 11

somatic nervous system

Question 12

part of motor neurons, involves unconscious control (ex. sudoriferous glands)

Answer 12

autonomic nervous system

Question 13

one of the functions of a nerve, receptors at end of peripheral nerves, change is a stimulus resulting in nerve impulse

Answer 13

sensory function

Question 14

one of the functions of a nerve, nerve impulses travel from PNS to CNS, perception involves the conscious awareness of sensory information

Answer 14

integrative function

Question 15

one of the functions of a nerve, impulses travel from CNS to PNS as effectors, seen as responsive parts outside of nervous system

Answer 15

motor function

Question 16

collection of soma (cell bodies) in the CNS

Answer 16

nuclei

Question 17

collection of soma in the PNS

Answer 17

ganglia

Question 18

collection of soma working on similar function in CNS

Answer 18

center

Question 19

bundles of axons with a common origin and destination in the CNS

Answer 19

tracts

Question 20

bundles of axons to and from same organs in the PNS

Answer 20

nerves

Question 21

the structural and functional unit of nervous tissue, excitable, amitotic (divide by simple cleavage of nucleus)

Answer 21

neurons

Question 22

accessory cells of nervous tissue, kind of like nerve connective tissue

Answer 22

neuroglial cells

Question 23

structure of the neuron that brings the signal in, have spines which increase the SA for the signals to travel

Answer 23

dendrites

Question 24

cell body

Answer 24

soma

Question 25

Are cell bodies uninucleate?

Answer 25

yes, as this explains their poor ability to repair in reference to size

Question 26

project the signal out, only 1 per cell, many branch into collaterals, path of action potential

Answer 26

axon

Question 27

respond to neurotransmitters, conducts impulses toward the trigger zone (through graded potential), specialized for contact with other neurons, short, branched, and unmeylinated, spines can make up 90% of cell surface area

Answer 27

dendrites

Question 28

region where soma connects to axon

Answer 28

axon hillock

Question 29

rough ER and free ribosome clusters within soma, grey matter

Answer 29

nissl bodies

Question 30

cytoskeleton extensions into dendrites and axons, add support and provide structure

Answer 30

neurofibrils

Question 31

conducts nerve impulses away from the soma through action potentials, may have myelin sheath, branched into collaterals and telodendria, end at synaptic terminals, produce neurotransmitter for communication

Answer 31

axon

Question 32

An axon's neurotransmitter can communicate with ____________, ___________ or ___________.

Answer 32

(1) another neuron (2) muscle fibers (3) glands

Question 33

glial cells wrapped around the axon

Answer 33

myelin sheath

Question 34

Slow axonal transport is passive and moves materials by ____________ flow

Answer 34

cytoplasmic

Question 35

type of fast axonal transport, from cell body to axon terminal

Answer 35

anterograde transport

Question 36

type of fast axonal transport, from axon terminal to cell body

Answer 36

retrograde transport

Question 37

small unmyelinated neurons, axon cannot be distinguished from the dendrites, found in special sense organs and the brain, little compelling research on function, many branches for input or output

Answer 37

anaxonic neuron

Question 38

axon length is greater than a meter, usually myelinated, several small dendrites converge directly onto axon, soma lies off to one side which allows less Na to be released to fire action potential, most sensory neurons in the PNS

Answer 38

pseudounipolar neuron

Question 39

small unmyelinated neurons that are rare, several small dendrites converge into 1, soma separates dendrite and axon, relay significant signal, short length for quick transmission

Answer 39

bipolar neuron

Question 40

long myelinated axon, 2 or more dendrites extend from soma, axon may have many collaterals, most common in CNS, some motor neurons

Answer 40

multipolar neuron

Question 41

relay impulses from one neuron to another

Answer 41

interneurons

Question 42

receptor for outside environment, touch, temperature, pressure light, and chemicals

Answer 42

exteroceptors

Question 43

receptors for body position, muscle tension and stretch, skeletal position

Answer 43

proprioceptors

Question 44

receptors for internal environment, blood concentration, urine, GI tract

Answer 44

interoceptors

Question 45

controls impulses from peripheral body to the brain or spinal cord, dendrites have or are associated with receptor cells (merkel cells), cell bodies lie outside CNS in peripheral sensory ganglia, most are pseudounipolar, few are bipolar, somatic sensory and visceral sensory

Answer 45

sensory (afferent) neurons

Question 46

outside world and body position of sensory neurons, exteroceptors and proprioceptors

Answer 46

somatic sensory

Question 47

internal environment of sensory neurons

Answer 47

visceral sensory

Question 48

most abundant, entirely inside CNS, excitatory depolarize efferents, inhibitory hyperpolarize efferents, link 2 or more neurons

Answer 48

interneurons

Question 49

contains both somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Answer 49

motor (efferent) neurons

Question 50

controls skeletal muscle, under voluntary control, single neuron with soma in the CNS and axon to effector

Answer 50

somatic nervous system

Question 51

visceral motor neurons for control of smooth muscle and glands, preganglionic fiber with soma in CNS and axon to peripheral ganglion, postganglionic fiber with soma in peripheral ganglion and axon to effector

Answer 51

autonomic nervous system

Question 52

4 kinds of neuroglial cells in CNS

Answer 52

(1) astrocytes (2) oligodendrocytes (3) ependymal cells (4) microglia

Question 53

2 kinds of neuroglial cells in PNS

Answer 53

(1) satellite | (2) Schwann cell

Question 54

largest and most common neuroglia cell, found in CNS, form blood-brain barrier (feet wrap capillaries and neurons), regulate interstitial fluid with active transport of ions and molecules, structural framework that guide neuron development

Answer 54

astrocytes

Question 55

cytoplasmic extensions in CNS, wrap sections of multiple neurons, form myelin in CNS, concentric layers of phospholipids, internodes (axon sections wrapped in myelin) and nodes of Ranvier (exposed axon)

Answer 55

oligodendrocytes

Question 56

smallest and least common glial cell, migrate into CNS as it forms (adults), phagocytosis of debris, waste, and pathogens, increase during injury or injection

Answer 56

microglia cells

Question 57

columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells, cytoplasmic projections, gap junctions, and cilia on apical surface, line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal, areas filled with cerebrospinal fluid, produce, regulate, and circulate CSF

Answer 57

ependymal cells

Question 58

surround soma in ganglia of PNS, exchange materials, regulate interstitial fluid, and isole neurons from erroneous stimuli, prevent electrochemical changes in adjacent cells from invoking a nerve impulse

Answer 58

satellite cells

Question 59

enclose axons of all peripheral nerves, not all are myelinated, each cell can only myelinate single portion of single neuron, produce myelin in PNS, repair damaged axons, bridge cuts and wallerian degeneration

Answer 59

schwann cells

Question 60

appear white, oligodendroctes myelinate several axons in CNS, single axon inside with many schwann cells outside in PNS

Answer 60

myelination

Question 61

appear gray, no oligodendrocytes in CNS, single schwann cell inside and many axons outside in PNS

Answer 61

unmyelination

Question 62

isolation of axons, prevent erroneous signals, decrease current leak, increase propagation speed which decreases axon length, saltatory conduction

Answer 62

functions of myelin

Question 63

branching pattern of neural pools that amplify the impulse

Answer 63

divergence

Question 64

branching pattern of neural pools that integrate the impulse

Answer 64

convergence

Question 65

branching pattern of neural pools that perform a signal relay of the impulse

Answer 65

signal processing

Question 66

branching pattern of neural pools that perform multiple responses of the impulse

Answer 66

parallel processing

Question 67

branching pattern of neural pools that self sustain and provide continuous activity of the impulse

Answer 67

reverberation

Question 68

limited repair, longer period without nutrients means lower change of full recovery, large cells with single nuclei most successful, Nissl bodies disperse and nucleus moves, repaired by Wallerian degeneration

Answer 68

repair to peripheral nervous system

Question 69

injury separates the axon from the soma, distal portion of axon and myelin sheath deteriorates, macrophages clean up, schwann cells proliferate and release growth factors for axonal regrowth, schwann cells form hollow tubes and produce new myelin, proximal axon sprouts with slow growth

Answer 69

wallerian degeneration

Question 70

much more limited than PNS, higher axon concentration increases complexity, lack of centrioles doesn't allow mitosis, degeneration of macrophages occurs after injury, proximal end of neuron sprouts but has no tube to follow, astrocytes produce scar tissue and chemicals block regrowth, incorrect regrowth bigger concern than loss

Answer 70

repair in central nervous system