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Gen. Anatomy Lecture > Neural Tissue-Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Neural Tissue-Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 whole body communication systems in humans?

A

(1) nervous system

(2) endocrine system

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2
Q

a fast but short acting whole body communication system, coordinates all body systems, transmit electrochemical signals in specialized cells (generally to and from CNS)

A

nervous system

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3
Q

a slower, more prolonged whole body communication system, vital for homeostasis, uses chemical signals carried in the blood stream, uses hormones and neurohormones

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

neurons, neuroglia, connective tissue, and blood vessles

A

composition of nerves

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5
Q

epineurium (outer dense irregular CT), perineurium, and endoneurium

A

connective tissue of nerves

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6
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A

(1) central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

2) peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves

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7
Q

composed of the brain and spinal cord, covered by meninges (membrane), develops as a hollow tube, cerebrospinal fluid fills central canal and ventricles, acts as body’s integration center and central controller

A

central nervous system

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8
Q

composed of cranial and spinal nerves, motor and sensory nerves

A

peripheral nervous system

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9
Q

part of peripheral nervous system, also known as afferent, do the input

A

sensory neurons

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10
Q

part of peripheral nervous system, also known as efferent, do the output

A

motor neurons

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11
Q

part of motor neurons, involves conscious control (skeletal muscle movement)

A

somatic nervous system

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12
Q

part of motor neurons, involves unconscious control (ex. sudoriferous glands)

A

autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

one of the functions of a nerve, receptors at end of peripheral nerves, change is a stimulus resulting in nerve impulse

A

sensory function

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14
Q

one of the functions of a nerve, nerve impulses travel from PNS to CNS, perception involves the conscious awareness of sensory information

A

integrative function

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15
Q

one of the functions of a nerve, impulses travel from CNS to PNS as effectors, seen as responsive parts outside of nervous system

A

motor function

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16
Q

collection of soma (cell bodies) in the CNS

A

nuclei

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17
Q

collection of soma in the PNS

A

ganglia

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18
Q

collection of soma working on similar function in CNS

A

center

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19
Q

bundles of axons with a common origin and destination in the CNS

A

tracts

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20
Q

bundles of axons to and from same organs in the PNS

A

nerves

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21
Q

the structural and functional unit of nervous tissue, excitable, amitotic (divide by simple cleavage of nucleus)

A

neurons

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22
Q

accessory cells of nervous tissue, kind of like nerve connective tissue

A

neuroglial cells

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23
Q

structure of the neuron that brings the signal in, have spines which increase the SA for the signals to travel

A

dendrites

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24
Q

cell body

A

soma

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25
Q

Are cell bodies uninucleate?

A

yes, as this explains their poor ability to repair in reference to size

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26
Q

project the signal out, only 1 per cell, many branch into collaterals, path of action potential

A

axon

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27
Q

respond to neurotransmitters, conducts impulses toward the trigger zone (through graded potential), specialized for contact with other neurons, short, branched, and unmeylinated, spines can make up 90% of cell surface area

A

dendrites

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28
Q

region where soma connects to axon

A

axon hillock

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29
Q

rough ER and free ribosome clusters within soma, grey matter

A

nissl bodies

30
Q

cytoskeleton extensions into dendrites and axons, add support and provide structure

A

neurofibrils

31
Q

conducts nerve impulses away from the soma through action potentials, may have myelin sheath, branched into collaterals and telodendria, end at synaptic terminals, produce neurotransmitter for communication

A

axon

32
Q

An axon’s neurotransmitter can communicate with ____________, ___________ or ___________.

A

(1) another neuron
(2) muscle fibers
(3) glands

33
Q

glial cells wrapped around the axon

A

myelin sheath

34
Q

Slow axonal transport is passive and moves materials by ____________ flow

A

cytoplasmic

35
Q

type of fast axonal transport, from cell body to axon terminal

A

anterograde transport

36
Q

type of fast axonal transport, from axon terminal to cell body

A

retrograde transport

37
Q

small unmyelinated neurons, axon cannot be distinguished from the dendrites, found in special sense organs and the brain, little compelling research on function, many branches for input or output

A

anaxonic neuron

38
Q

axon length is greater than a meter, usually myelinated, several small dendrites converge directly onto axon, soma lies off to one side which allows less Na to be released to fire action potential, most sensory neurons in the PNS

A

pseudounipolar neuron

39
Q

small unmyelinated neurons that are rare, several small dendrites converge into 1, soma separates dendrite and axon, relay significant signal, short length for quick transmission

A

bipolar neuron

40
Q

long myelinated axon, 2 or more dendrites extend from soma, axon may have many collaterals, most common in CNS, some motor neurons

A

multipolar neuron

41
Q

relay impulses from one neuron to another

A

interneurons

42
Q

receptor for outside environment, touch, temperature, pressure light, and chemicals

A

exteroceptors

43
Q

receptors for body position, muscle tension and stretch, skeletal position

A

proprioceptors

44
Q

receptors for internal environment, blood concentration, urine, GI tract

A

interoceptors

45
Q

controls impulses from peripheral body to the brain or spinal cord, dendrites have or are associated with receptor cells (merkel cells), cell bodies lie outside CNS in peripheral sensory ganglia, most are pseudounipolar, few are bipolar, somatic sensory and visceral sensory

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

46
Q

outside world and body position of sensory neurons, exteroceptors and proprioceptors

A

somatic sensory

47
Q

internal environment of sensory neurons

A

visceral sensory

48
Q

most abundant, entirely inside CNS, excitatory depolarize efferents, inhibitory hyperpolarize efferents, link 2 or more neurons

A

interneurons

49
Q

contains both somatic and autonomic nervous systems

A

motor (efferent) neurons

50
Q

controls skeletal muscle, under voluntary control, single neuron with soma in the CNS and axon to effector

A

somatic nervous system

51
Q

visceral motor neurons for control of smooth muscle and glands, preganglionic fiber with soma in CNS and axon to peripheral ganglion, postganglionic fiber with soma in peripheral ganglion and axon to effector

A

autonomic nervous system

52
Q

4 kinds of neuroglial cells in CNS

A

(1) astrocytes
(2) oligodendrocytes
(3) ependymal cells
(4) microglia

53
Q

2 kinds of neuroglial cells in PNS

A

(1) satellite

(2) Schwann cell

54
Q

largest and most common neuroglia cell, found in CNS, form blood-brain barrier (feet wrap capillaries and neurons), regulate interstitial fluid with active transport of ions and molecules, structural framework that guide neuron development

A

astrocytes

55
Q

cytoplasmic extensions in CNS, wrap sections of multiple neurons, form myelin in CNS, concentric layers of phospholipids, internodes (axon sections wrapped in myelin) and nodes of Ranvier (exposed axon)

A

oligodendrocytes

56
Q

smallest and least common glial cell, migrate into CNS as it forms (adults), phagocytosis of debris, waste, and pathogens, increase during injury or injection

A

microglia cells

57
Q

columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells, cytoplasmic projections, gap junctions, and cilia on apical surface, line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal, areas filled with cerebrospinal fluid, produce, regulate, and circulate CSF

A

ependymal cells

58
Q

surround soma in ganglia of PNS, exchange materials, regulate interstitial fluid, and isole neurons from erroneous stimuli, prevent electrochemical changes in adjacent cells from invoking a nerve impulse

A

satellite cells

59
Q

enclose axons of all peripheral nerves, not all are myelinated, each cell can only myelinate single portion of single neuron, produce myelin in PNS, repair damaged axons, bridge cuts and wallerian degeneration

A

schwann cells

60
Q

appear white, oligodendroctes myelinate several axons in CNS, single axon inside with many schwann cells outside in PNS

A

myelination

61
Q

appear gray, no oligodendrocytes in CNS, single schwann cell inside and many axons outside in PNS

A

unmyelination

62
Q

isolation of axons, prevent erroneous signals, decrease current leak, increase propagation speed which decreases axon length, saltatory conduction

A

functions of myelin

63
Q

branching pattern of neural pools that amplify the impulse

A

divergence

64
Q

branching pattern of neural pools that integrate the impulse

A

convergence

65
Q

branching pattern of neural pools that perform a signal relay of the impulse

A

signal processing

66
Q

branching pattern of neural pools that perform multiple responses of the impulse

A

parallel processing

67
Q

branching pattern of neural pools that self sustain and provide continuous activity of the impulse

A

reverberation

68
Q

limited repair, longer period without nutrients means lower change of full recovery, large cells with single nuclei most successful, Nissl bodies disperse and nucleus moves, repaired by Wallerian degeneration

A

repair to peripheral nervous system

69
Q

injury separates the axon from the soma, distal portion of axon and myelin sheath deteriorates, macrophages clean up, schwann cells proliferate and release growth factors for axonal regrowth, schwann cells form hollow tubes and produce new myelin, proximal axon sprouts with slow growth

A

wallerian degeneration

70
Q

much more limited than PNS, higher axon concentration increases complexity, lack of centrioles doesn’t allow mitosis, degeneration of macrophages occurs after injury, proximal end of neuron sprouts but has no tube to follow, astrocytes produce scar tissue and chemicals block regrowth, incorrect regrowth bigger concern than loss

A

repair in central nervous system

Gen. Anatomy Lecture (15 decks)

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