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Gen. Anatomy Lecture > Respiratory System-Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Respiratory System-Chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

to maximize the concentration gradient of gases during respiration, the respiratory membrane is _____________

A

highly vascularized

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2
Q

what are some functions of the respiratory system?

A

(1) extensive surface area for gas exchange
(2) move air to and from exchange surface
(3) protect exchange surface from damage
(4) produce vocalization
(5) acutely regulate blood pH-affects volume and blood pressure
(6) metabolize vasoactive substances

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3
Q

external structures include nares (nostrils), cartilage, and nasal bone, overall encloses the nasal vestibule, protected by nasal hairs, opens into nasal cavity, divided by nasal septum

A

nose

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4
Q

the external structures of the nose enclose the ____________

A

nasal vestibule

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5
Q

from the nasal vestibule to the internal nares, has a mucus membrane lining that prevents dessication and microorganism attachment, separated from the oral cavity by the hard and soft palate, have conchae and meatuses

A

nasal cavity

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6
Q

the nasal cavity in divided by the ______________

A

nasal septum

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7
Q

3 bony projections on the inside of the nose, superior, inferior and middle

A

conchae

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8
Q

grooves between the conchae, support mucous membranes, increase surface area and increase turbulence

A

meatuses

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9
Q

air filled sacs within cranial bones, open to nasal cavity, found in the maxillae, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid, lined my mucous membrane, produce mucous, decrease weight of the skull and provide chambers for resonance

A

sinuses

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10
Q

also known as your throat, respiratory and digestive pathways, include the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

A

pharynx

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11
Q

part of the pharynx above the uvula and posterior to internal nares, pseudostratified epithelia for differentiation

A

nasopharynx

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12
Q

part of the pharynx, portion visible in a mirror, stratified squamous for better protection

A

oropharynx

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13
Q

part of pharynx, between epiglottis and esophagus, stratified squamous for better protection

A

laryngopharynx

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14
Q

enlargement superior to trachea (inferior to pharynx), directs the air and food to proper channels, houses vocal cords, made of skeletal muscle and cartilage with elastic tissue

A

larynx

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15
Q

also known as the thyroid cartilage

A

Adam’s Apple

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16
Q

cartilage that supports the epiglottis

A

cricoid cartilage

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17
Q

projects into the pharynx and covers the glottis

A

epiglottis

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18
Q

supporting and anchoring cartilage of the larynx

A

hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

cartilage that allows mobility within the larynx

A

elastic cartilage

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20
Q

play no role in sound production, muscles help close larynx during swallowing

A

vestibular folds

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21
Q

allow for the production of sound, air pushed past the vocal fold creates a vibration, more tension=more pitch, more air flow=more volume, oral cavity, lips, and tongue modify sound

A

vocal folds

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22
Q

respiratory passages have multiple small branches. this allows for an increase in ______________ which allows for better diffusion

A

surface area

23
Q

respiratory passages have multiple small branches. increased resistance and friction occurs because of their small ____________

A

diameter

24
Q

rings of cartilage around respiratory passageways mean that the diameter of the tube cannot be altered. no cartilage around the ____________ allows these structures to be completely plyalbe (change diameter based on _________)

A

bronchioles and pressure

25
Q

made up of pseudostratified columnar epithelium and loose CT, goblet cells produce mucins which increase viscosity and decrease diffusion, ciliated

A

mucosa layer of conducting system epithelium (has cartilage)

26
Q

areolar CT and mucous glands

A

submucosa layer of conducting system epithelium (has cartilage)

27
Q

connects larynx with the bronchi, filters and directs the incoming air, cartilaginous rings prevent collapsing, resist changes in lumen diameter, expel debris

A

trachea

28
Q

divisions of trachea, split at the carina and subdivide into primary, secondary, tertiary and then to bronchioles

A

bronchi

29
Q

what are the differences between sides of the bronchioles?

A

the right bronchus is wider, shorter and straighter, divided into 3 secondaries, one secondary for each lobe

30
Q

tertiary bronchi that branch many times (6500 terminal bronchioles), increase in smooth muscle in submucosa, terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory lobules which branch into alveolar ducts

A

bronchioles

31
Q

bronchodilation is controlled by ___________

A

the sympathetic nervous system

32
Q

bronchoconstriction is controlled by _____________

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

33
Q

alveolar ducts lead to alveolar sacs, contain several alveloi (150 million per lung), each associated with a network of capillaries, more elastic fibers that contribute to recoil but not the same source

A

alveoli

34
Q

simple squamous epithelium for increased diffusion, water lining helps with diffusion, cohesion serves as a major source of recoil

A

pneumocyte type I cells (alveloar histology)

35
Q

not for gas exchange, secrete pulmonary surfactant (stops H2Os from attracting each other), prevents the collapse of alveoli (think dish detergent)

A

pneumocyte type II cells (alveolar histology)

36
Q

adjacent walls of alveloi are mutually attached, makes it difficult for alveoli not to do the same thing

A

interdependence of alveoli

37
Q

in walls of alveoli to connect adjacent alveoli to anastomosing bronchiole

A

Pores of Kahn

38
Q

apex is superior and base in inferior, hilum is where the vessels and bronchi enter, left side has 2 lobes and right side has 3 lobes, fissures separate, lobes are divided into lobules

A

lungs

39
Q

the pulmonary pleura is made up of the ___________ pleura and the _________ pleura

A

parietal and visceral

40
Q

added to thoracic wall

A

parietal pleura

41
Q

attached to lungs

A

visceral pleura

42
Q

the pleura cavity is between the two membranes and is a CLOSED SPACE and has a FIXED CONTENT. the overall pressure is _______ compared to the lungs because the space between the pleura increases

A

lower

43
Q

because the content of the pleural cavity is fixed, there is a relative ______________

A

negative pressure in the cavity

44
Q

larger pleural space equals

A

lower pressure

45
Q

smaller lung equals

A

bigger pleural cavity

46
Q

what are 3 forces that open the alveoli?

A

(1) pulmonary surfactant (makes the alveolar surface tension smaller)
(2) transmural pressure gradient
(3) alveolar interdependence

47
Q

what are 2 forces that force the lung to recoil?

A

(1) alveolar surface tension

(2) elasticity of stretched CT

48
Q

how does breathing work?

A

volume changes in thoracic cavity which results in a pressure change in the pleural cavity, gas in pulmonary cavity responds, when pressure changes in lungs air flows to equalize the pressure

49
Q

diaphragm, external intercostals and scalene muscles contract (thoracic cavity expands and pleural cavity increases from the lower pressure), the gas wins the battle and makes the lung bigger, lungs expand into the lower pressure area, pressure in the lungs decreases and the air moves into the lungs to equalize the pressure

A

inspiration

50
Q

passive process where muscles relax, shrinks the thoracic cavity, pressure in pleural cavity increases, loose pressure gradient and lungs recoil (bc of H2o and elastin), pressure in lungs increases and air moves out to equalize the pressure

A

tidal expiration

51
Q

internal intercostals, external obliques, and abdominal recti muscles contract, further shrinks the thoracic cavity, pressure in pleural cavity increases, lungs are compressed, pressure in lungs increases, air moves out to equalize pressure, encounters resistance which lowers pressure in bronchioles

A

forced expiration

52
Q

never fully emptying the lungs allows for easier ____________ for the next breath

A

expansion

53
Q

while taking a blood pressure, lamina flow produces ___________

A

no sound

54
Q

while taking blood pressure, turbulent flow produces ____________

A

sound

Gen. Anatomy Lecture (15 decks)

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