Reproductive System-Chapter 27 Flashcards
this process occurs when males produce sperm and females produce eggs
meiosis
process when sperm and egg meet
fertilization
occurs when a morula turns into a blastocyst
differentiation
occurs when a blastocyst turns into a fetus
implantation
basal secretion of GnRH is pulsatile. how does the anterior pituitary respond?
the anterior pituitary responds with pulses of LH release and continuous secretion of FSH
what does LH do?
endocrine cells and releases steroid/peptide hormones, regulated by sex steroids
what does FSH do?
for gamete production, regulated by inhibin
the scrotum is divided into 2 scrotal cavities. what are the cavities separated by?
the perineal raphe
double serous membrane that surrounds each testis, double serous membrane to reduce friction
tunica vaginalis
smooth muscle in the dermis, wrinkles the scrotum and partial elevation of the testis, has tonic activity
dartos muscle
skeletal muscle deep to the dermis, has a reflex that elevates the testis, optimal sperm production is 2 degrees below normal body temperature
cremaster muscle
where do the testes develop?
form inside the abdominal cavity, anterior and inferior to kidneys, descend during development
what is found in the spermatic cords?
ductus deferens. blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
what are 2 functions of the testes?
produce sperm and produce male sex hormones such as androgens (testosterone)
seminiferous tubules are found in the testis. what do they do?
they are the site of spermatogenesis, straighten into the straight tubule, converge into the rete testis and into the epididymis
what are interstitial cells?
found in between the coils of the seminiferous tubules, they respond to LH, produce testosterone
where does spermatogenesis occur?
in the seminiferous tubules
what are the steps to spermatogenesis?
*from nurse cells
(1) spermatids embeded in cytoplasm
(2) numerous tight junctions (blood testes barrier, more sex hormones and AA)
(3) stimulated by FSH and testosterone
- androgen binding protein for more testosterone in lumen
- inhibin gives negative feedback
what are the parts to a sperm?
(1) tail- has flagellum
(2) middlepiece- many mitochondria
(3) neck- centrioles in spermatids
(4) head- contains chromatids, acrosome, forms a Ca missle
sperm that enter the epididymis are immoblie and incapable of fertilization. an increase in [testosterone] allows for maturation. how long can sperm be stored?
up to 4 weeks
why is fluid reabsorbed in the epididymis?
concentrate sperm and reserve energy
ascends into the abdominopelvic cavity, part of the spermatic cord, has pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia, smooth muscle layer for peristalsis
ductus deferens (vas deferens)
the ductus deferens enlarges at the seminal gland. what is this area called and where does it merge?
enlarges at the ampulla and merges with the seminal gland at the ejaculatory duct
sac like tubes of pseudostratified columnar epithelia, mucoid secretion is 60% of gland, sperm become motile
seminal glands