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Gen. Anatomy Lecture > Reproductive System-Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Reproductive System-Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

this process occurs when males produce sperm and females produce eggs

A

meiosis

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2
Q

process when sperm and egg meet

A

fertilization

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3
Q

occurs when a morula turns into a blastocyst

A

differentiation

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4
Q

occurs when a blastocyst turns into a fetus

A

implantation

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5
Q

basal secretion of GnRH is pulsatile. how does the anterior pituitary respond?

A

the anterior pituitary responds with pulses of LH release and continuous secretion of FSH

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6
Q

what does LH do?

A

endocrine cells and releases steroid/peptide hormones, regulated by sex steroids

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7
Q

what does FSH do?

A

for gamete production, regulated by inhibin

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8
Q

the scrotum is divided into 2 scrotal cavities. what are the cavities separated by?

A

the perineal raphe

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9
Q

double serous membrane that surrounds each testis, double serous membrane to reduce friction

A

tunica vaginalis

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10
Q

smooth muscle in the dermis, wrinkles the scrotum and partial elevation of the testis, has tonic activity

A

dartos muscle

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11
Q

skeletal muscle deep to the dermis, has a reflex that elevates the testis, optimal sperm production is 2 degrees below normal body temperature

A

cremaster muscle

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12
Q

where do the testes develop?

A

form inside the abdominal cavity, anterior and inferior to kidneys, descend during development

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13
Q

what is found in the spermatic cords?

A

ductus deferens. blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

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14
Q

what are 2 functions of the testes?

A

produce sperm and produce male sex hormones such as androgens (testosterone)

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15
Q

seminiferous tubules are found in the testis. what do they do?

A

they are the site of spermatogenesis, straighten into the straight tubule, converge into the rete testis and into the epididymis

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16
Q

what are interstitial cells?

A

found in between the coils of the seminiferous tubules, they respond to LH, produce testosterone

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17
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

in the seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

what are the steps to spermatogenesis?

A

*from nurse cells

(1) spermatids embeded in cytoplasm
(2) numerous tight junctions (blood testes barrier, more sex hormones and AA)
(3) stimulated by FSH and testosterone
- androgen binding protein for more testosterone in lumen
- inhibin gives negative feedback

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19
Q

what are the parts to a sperm?

A

(1) tail- has flagellum
(2) middlepiece- many mitochondria
(3) neck- centrioles in spermatids
(4) head- contains chromatids, acrosome, forms a Ca missle

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20
Q

sperm that enter the epididymis are immoblie and incapable of fertilization. an increase in [testosterone] allows for maturation. how long can sperm be stored?

A

up to 4 weeks

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21
Q

why is fluid reabsorbed in the epididymis?

A

concentrate sperm and reserve energy

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22
Q

ascends into the abdominopelvic cavity, part of the spermatic cord, has pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia, smooth muscle layer for peristalsis

A

ductus deferens (vas deferens)

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23
Q

the ductus deferens enlarges at the seminal gland. what is this area called and where does it merge?

A

enlarges at the ampulla and merges with the seminal gland at the ejaculatory duct

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24
Q

sac like tubes of pseudostratified columnar epithelia, mucoid secretion is 60% of gland, sperm become motile

A

seminal glands

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25
smooth muscle and pseudostratified, prostatic fluid (basic to neutralize acidic vagina), seminalplasmia is an antibiotic, zinc, clotting enzyme, profibrinolysin helps to form clot first
prostate gland
26
also known as the Cowper's gland, simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium, base of pelvis within fascia of urogenital diaphragm, mucoid secretion provides lubrication for glans of penis, basic for vagina balance and counter act acidic urine
bulbourethral gland
27
from urinary bladder through prostate, merges with ejaculatory duct
prostatic urethra
28
urethra throughout urogenital diaphragm
membranous urethra
29
urethra through corpus spongiosum
spongy urethra
30
attaches penis to ischial rami
root
31
tubular, movable portion of penis, erectile tissue
body
32
enlarged, distal portion of the penis, covered by flap of skin (prepuce) of foreskin, preputial glands secrete a waxy smegma
glans of penis
33
anterior cylindrical masses of tissue, 2 of them, each contains a deep artery and dense collagen sheath
corpora cavernosa
34
forms gland and blub of the penis, contains pair of arteries, collagen and elastin sheath
corpus spongiosum
35
can happen from stimulation or strain on bladder, increased parasympathetic and decreased sympathetic, dilates arteries and compresses venules so blood can't leave, vasoconstriction
erection
36
what are the 2 steps to ejaculation?
(1) emission | (2) ejaculation
37
controlled by the sympathetic ANS, contraction of prostate, glandular ducts and seminal glands, delivers all seminal fluid to urethra, contraction of internal urethral sphincter
emission
38
controlled by sympathetic ANS, rhythmic contraction of urogenital diaphragm, increase in seminal pressure, rhythmic contraction of pelvic and trunk muscles, thrust to propel semen forward
expulsion
39
_____________ feedback is seen during most days during the female cycle and ___________ feedback is seen in days 12-14
negative | positive
40
what are the 3 suspensory structures of the ovaries?
(1) broad ligament (2) suspensory ligament- has ovarian artery and vein (3) ovarian ligament
41
in the ovarian cortex, oogenesis occurs in the ___________
follicles
42
the ovarian medulla contains ________________
vasculature lymphocytes nerves
43
the tunica albuginea is covered in _____________ epithelium
dense irregular connective tissue
44
germinal epithelial cells turn into __________
primary oocytes
45
primary oocyte that may be used as egg are ______________
primordial follicles
46
if not turned into a primordial follice, atresia occurs. does this kill the entire cell?
no, the cell is not completely killed. forms an atretic follice
47
during puberty, huge increases in ______ are seen
FSH
48
during the follicular phase of the cycle, spikes in what 3 hormones are seen?
FSH, LH and estrogen
49
what are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle?
(1) follicular phase | (2) luteal phase
50
the pre-ovulation phase, maturation of follicle and preparation of ovulation
follicular phase
51
the post-ovulation phase, presence of the copus luteum, bodies preparation for pregnancy
luteal phase
52
pre-ovulation hormone
estrogen
53
post-ovulation hormone
progesterone
54
development from primary to secondary and tertiary follice, granulosa ells secrete gel like pellucida, thecal cells proliferate and a fluid filled antrum forms beneath
follicular phase
55
causes follicular cells to secrete estrogen
LH
56
proliferation of follicular cells to estrogen secretion
FSH
57
proliferation of follicular cells and increase FSH receptors
estrogen
58
occurs near day 14, hypothalamus switches to positive feedback of estrogen, small spike in FSH (regulated by inhibin) and large spike seen in LH (triggers actual ovulation), oocyte and follicular cells are expelled, remaining follices develop into a corpus luteum
ovulation
59
follicular cells collapse into antrum and become luteal cells, revascularize and increase lipids, secrete progesterone
corpus luteum
60
when fertilization does not occur, luteal cells are phagocytosed and replaced with connective tissue, corpus albicans decrease progesterone and estrogen secretion but increase ___________ to start the next cycle
GnRH
61
when fertilization does occur, luteal cells form and a large increase in _______ is seen. glycogen is released into uterine tubes for fuel. peristalsis and cilial action attempt to push the tube into the uterus)
progesterone
62
similar to an expandable funnel, contain fimbriae and ciliated simple columnar, smooth muscle (oxytocins and prostaglandins), egg is housed here for only hours
infundibulum
63
usually the site of fertilization, increasing thickness of smooth muscle, egg stays here for 1 to 2 days
ampulla
64
egg here for 1 to 2 days, leads into the uterus
isthmus
65
superior portion of the uterus, relationship to the pubic bone gives an approximation to gestational progress
fundus
66
the uterine cavity
body
67
thick mucous, cervical mucins have to be thin enough for sperm
cervix
68
outer serous membrane of uterus, from the fundus both anteriorly and posteriorly, to the parietal peritoneum
perimetrium
69
multi-layered smooth muscle layer of uterus
myometrium
70
inner functional layer of the uterus, layer for attachment
endometrium
71
during the menses phase of the uterine cycle, the is less estrogen and progesterone. this is the phase when ________ occurs
destruction
72
during the proliferative phase, the endometrium grows because of large increases of estrogen. this is the phase when restoration and the most _______ occurs
growth
73
during the secretoy phase, the body is trying to maintain tissue for the egg so more progesterone is secreted. this is the preparation and ____________ phase
repair
74
the most leukocytes are seen during the ____________ phase because the fluid is the thinnest and the greatest risk of entry is seen
menses

Gen. Anatomy Lecture (15 decks)

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