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Gen. Anatomy Lecture > Muscles-Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Muscles-Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

myo__________

A

muscle

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2
Q

sarco________

A

flesh or muscle

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3
Q

What are the properties of muscle?

A

(1) excitable-respond to stimuli
(2) contractile-forcibly shorten
(3) extensible-stretch without damage
(4) elastic-return to original shape

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4
Q

What are the functions of muscle?

A

(1) posture
(2) movement
(3) heat production
(4) guard orifices
(5) support visceral organs

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5
Q

Muscles are _________ because they are made up of multiple tissue types

A

organs

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6
Q

attach to bone, skin, or fascia, striated with a regular arrangement of proteins (high tensile strength and give direction), long thin multinucleated fibers, have voluntary control (need a stimulus), contract rapidly and easily fatigue

A

skeletal muscle

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7
Q

striated w/ regular arrangement of proteins, have a network of uninucleated fibers, intercalated discs increase the number of gap junctions, have involuntary control due to autorhythmic cells, contract slower and resist fatigue

A

cardiac muscle

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8
Q

attach to hair follicles in skin and walls of hollow organs, non striated and exhibit involuntary control, contractions are slow and sustained, resist fatigue

A

smooth muscle

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9
Q

areolar and/or adipose loose connective tissue, surrounds several muscles, minimize skin distortion and protects from external trauma

A

subcutaneous fascia (hypodermis)

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10
Q

made of dense irregular connective tissue, surrounds individual muscle, holds fibers, nerves and vessels in place, separate from other muscle

A

deep fascia

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11
Q

a many muscle fibers bundled together, ranging form 10 to 100 muscle cells (fibers)

A

fascicles

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12
Q

several __________ make up a muscle

A

fassicles

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13
Q

one motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

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14
Q

What are the three kinds of skeletal muscle connective tissue?

A

(1) epimysium
(2) perimysium
(3) endomysium

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15
Q

made of dense irregular connective tissue, surrounds the whole muscle tissue

A

epimysium

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16
Q

made of dense irregular tissue, surrounds fascicles, contains elastin, nerve bundles, and vessels

A

perimysium

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17
Q

made of loose reticular connective tissue, separate individual muscle fibers, holds cappilaries, neves, and myosatellite cells

A

endomysium

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18
Q

Why do all three layers of muscle connective tissue extend beyond the muscle belly?

A

to form the tendon

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19
Q

Why is tendon collagen continuous with bone matrix and periosteal collagen?

A

gives strength and allows for force transfer

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20
Q

flattened sheet of tendon that allows for specificity of digits

A

aponeurosis

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21
Q

myoblasts come from embryonic cells, fuse to form muscle fibers (longer in adults), myoblasts that do not fuse become myosatellite cells which repair damaged fibers

A

development of muscle fiber

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22
Q

muscle fiber cytoplasm

A

sarcoplasm

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23
Q

plasma membrane of a fiber

A

sarcolemma

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24
Q

sarcolemma extensions into sarcoplasm

A

transverse (T) tubule

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25
the enlarged sarcoplasmic reticulum, has no direct contact with T tubules
terminal cisternae
26
junction where a membrane, T tubule, and another membrane come in contact with each other
triad
27
synapse between a motor neuron and muscle fiber
neuromuscular junction
28
located at the end of the neuron
synaptic terminal
29
at the sarcolemma with receptors
motor end plate
30
What is the neurotransmitter that most often crosses the synapse for muscular contraction?
acetlycholine
31
Why are triads important to a contraction coupling of a muscle?
they allow for a quicker release of Ca into the sarcoplasm
32
surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum, extend the length of the fiber, contain both actin and myosin, arranged in sarcomeres
myofibrils
33
functional unit of striated muscle
sarcomeres
34
What are the 3 kinds of sarcomere filaments?
(1) contractile (2) structural (3) regulatory
35
include myosin and actin, mysoin heads bind to active site on actin
contractile filaments
36
include titin (anchors myosin to z line and provides elasticity) and nebulin (a structure for actin, down middle)
structural filaments
37
include troponin and tropomyosin, bind the Ca, cover actin active sites
regulatory filaments
38
band composed of only thin (myosin filaments)
I band
39
band composed of only thick filaments
H band
40
band composed of thick filaments that can change size
A band
41
line that is found at the end of a band
Z line
42
line that is found at the middle of a band
M line
43
During the sliding filament theory, the ___________ of overlap enlarges and the ________ remains the same
zone and A
44
During the sliding filament theory, the _________ and _________ bands shrink and the __________ lines more closer together
H and I, Z
45
Ca ions actively transported back to sarcoplasmic reticulum, actin and myosin links are broken and release ATP, troponin and tropomysin covers actin active sites, active process
skeletal muscle relaxation
46
an energy process that is not limited by O2 availability
glycolysis (2 ATP)
47
an energy process that is limited by O2 availability
aerobic respiration (32 ATP)
48
contraction relaxation cycles in a muscle fiber, multiple power strokes by each myosin head
muscle twitch
49
all fibers in a motor unit either twitch or don't following a stimulus (100% or 0%)
all or none law
50
tension of a muscle is determined by ___________ and _____________
(1) frequency of stimulation (summation) | 2) number of motor units stimulated (recruitment
51
the resting tension of a muscle shows ___________
muscle tone
52
muscle tone stabilizes joints, maintains posture, and is a ___________________________
major source of calories burned in weight loss programs
53
involves constant, exhaustive stimulation, overall enlargement of the muscle, not hyperplasia
hypertrophy
54
lack of constant motor neuron stimulation, due to age, hormones, or lack of use, reversible if fiber is not dead, "use it or lose it"
atrophy
55
attachment site of a muscle that does not move
origin
56
attachment site of a muscle that moves
insertion
57
the tension that is created to move the insertion
force
58
muscle type where fascicles are parallel to long axis (dense regular CT), provides unidirectional force, include fuiform and strap layer
parallel muscles
59
muscle type that appears fan shaped, provides multidirectional force, very versatile, generates least amount of force, eg. pectoralis major
convergent muscles
60
muscle type that is feather shaped, fascicles on oblique axis, tendon passes through muscle, provides the greatest force, includes unipennate, bipennate and multipennate
pennate muscle
61
concentric fascicles around an opening, contraction decreases during lumen diameter
circular muscle (sphincter)
62
the main muscle that is contracting
agonist
63
muscle that opposes agonist, ex. biceps brachii and triceps branchii
antagonist
64
muscle that stabilizes agonist, ex. delltoid stabilizes glenohumeral joint
fixator
65
muscle that assists/modifies movement, often most useful at the start of contraction (when that agonist is stretched)
synergist
66
All diarthroses are structured as __________
levers
67
the type lever affects the ___________, ___________, ___________, and __________
magnitude of force speed of movement direction distance of movement
68
point of articulation in a lever
fulcrum
69
load to be moved in a lever
resistance
70
What are the three kinds of levers?
(1) First Class (2) Second Class (3) Third Class
71
a lever that resembles a teeter tooter or see saw, adaptable resistance opposite to applied force, fulcrum in center, ex. neck extension
first class lever
72
a lever that resembles a wheel barrow, exerts maximum force, fulcrum is opposite to applied force, resistance found in center, ex. plantar flexion on gastrocnemius
second class lever
73
tension created by agonist in lever
applied force
74
a lever that resembles a hockey stick, max movement and greatest ROM, force is opposite resistance, applied force in the center
third class lever
75
most adaptable lever, can easily change direction , force, and speed
first class lever
76
lever with the most force, little distance and slow speed
second class lever
77
lever with great distance and quick speed, low force
third class lever
78
What are the 3 kinds of skeletal muscle fiber?
(1) slow twitch oxidative (2) fast twitch glycolytic (3) fast twitch oxidative glycolytic
79
slow acting, lowest energy requirement among muscle fibers, aerobic using oxygen (many mitochondria, many capillaries, lots of myoglobin), small diameter and low glycogen reserves, slow sustained contractions (mostly used for posture)
slow twitch oxidative
80
fast acting, high energy requirement muscle fiber, anaerobic (don't need oxygen and have less blood supply), few mitochondria, large diameter, densely packed myofibril and large glycogen reserves, for rapid, powerful, bried contractions (jumping)
fast twitch glycolytic
81
fast acting, intermediate energy requirement muscle fiber, anerobic glycolytic activity, becomes more oxidative with training, more mitochondria, capillary density, and myoglobin, medium diameter with glycogen reserves, repeated mid-intensity contractions,
fast twitch oxidative glycolytic
82
smallest type of muscle cell, one central nucleus, no sarcomeres because actin and myosin not aligned, no T-tubules, extra cellular matrix of collagen and elastic fibers (more elasticity and extendability)
structure of smooth muscle
83
slow contraction, resistant to fatigue, complex control including nervous system, hormones, enzymes and ions
properties of smooth muscle
84
What are the two types of smooth muscle?
(1) single unit | (2) mutli-unit
85
most common type of smooth muscle, functional synatium (fibers act as one, across gap junction), cytosol as contractile force, seen in blood vessels and digestive tract
single unit smooth muscle
86
smooth muscle of independent contraction, few gap junctions, uses recruitment as contractile force, seen in uterus (stage dependent) and iris
muti-unit smooth muscle

Gen. Anatomy Lecture (15 decks)

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