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Gen. Anatomy Lecture > Muscles-Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Muscles-Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

myo__________

A

muscle

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2
Q

sarco________

A

flesh or muscle

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3
Q

What are the properties of muscle?

A

(1) excitable-respond to stimuli
(2) contractile-forcibly shorten
(3) extensible-stretch without damage
(4) elastic-return to original shape

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4
Q

What are the functions of muscle?

A

(1) posture
(2) movement
(3) heat production
(4) guard orifices
(5) support visceral organs

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5
Q

Muscles are _________ because they are made up of multiple tissue types

A

organs

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6
Q

attach to bone, skin, or fascia, striated with a regular arrangement of proteins (high tensile strength and give direction), long thin multinucleated fibers, have voluntary control (need a stimulus), contract rapidly and easily fatigue

A

skeletal muscle

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7
Q

striated w/ regular arrangement of proteins, have a network of uninucleated fibers, intercalated discs increase the number of gap junctions, have involuntary control due to autorhythmic cells, contract slower and resist fatigue

A

cardiac muscle

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8
Q

attach to hair follicles in skin and walls of hollow organs, non striated and exhibit involuntary control, contractions are slow and sustained, resist fatigue

A

smooth muscle

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9
Q

areolar and/or adipose loose connective tissue, surrounds several muscles, minimize skin distortion and protects from external trauma

A

subcutaneous fascia (hypodermis)

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10
Q

made of dense irregular connective tissue, surrounds individual muscle, holds fibers, nerves and vessels in place, separate from other muscle

A

deep fascia

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11
Q

a many muscle fibers bundled together, ranging form 10 to 100 muscle cells (fibers)

A

fascicles

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12
Q

several __________ make up a muscle

A

fassicles

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13
Q

one motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

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14
Q

What are the three kinds of skeletal muscle connective tissue?

A

(1) epimysium
(2) perimysium
(3) endomysium

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15
Q

made of dense irregular connective tissue, surrounds the whole muscle tissue

A

epimysium

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16
Q

made of dense irregular tissue, surrounds fascicles, contains elastin, nerve bundles, and vessels

A

perimysium

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17
Q

made of loose reticular connective tissue, separate individual muscle fibers, holds cappilaries, neves, and myosatellite cells

A

endomysium

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18
Q

Why do all three layers of muscle connective tissue extend beyond the muscle belly?

A

to form the tendon

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19
Q

Why is tendon collagen continuous with bone matrix and periosteal collagen?

A

gives strength and allows for force transfer

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20
Q

flattened sheet of tendon that allows for specificity of digits

A

aponeurosis

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21
Q

myoblasts come from embryonic cells, fuse to form muscle fibers (longer in adults), myoblasts that do not fuse become myosatellite cells which repair damaged fibers

A

development of muscle fiber

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22
Q

muscle fiber cytoplasm

A

sarcoplasm

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23
Q

plasma membrane of a fiber

A

sarcolemma

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24
Q

sarcolemma extensions into sarcoplasm

A

transverse (T) tubule

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25
Q

the enlarged sarcoplasmic reticulum, has no direct contact with T tubules

A

terminal cisternae

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26
Q

junction where a membrane, T tubule, and another membrane come in contact with each other

A

triad

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27
Q

synapse between a motor neuron and muscle fiber

A

neuromuscular junction

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28
Q

located at the end of the neuron

A

synaptic terminal

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29
Q

at the sarcolemma with receptors

A

motor end plate

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30
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that most often crosses the synapse for muscular contraction?

A

acetlycholine

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31
Q

Why are triads important to a contraction coupling of a muscle?

A

they allow for a quicker release of Ca into the sarcoplasm

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32
Q

surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum, extend the length of the fiber, contain both actin and myosin, arranged in sarcomeres

A

myofibrils

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33
Q

functional unit of striated muscle

A

sarcomeres

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34
Q

What are the 3 kinds of sarcomere filaments?

A

(1) contractile
(2) structural
(3) regulatory

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35
Q

include myosin and actin, mysoin heads bind to active site on actin

A

contractile filaments

36
Q

include titin (anchors myosin to z line and provides elasticity) and nebulin (a structure for actin, down middle)

A

structural filaments

37
Q

include troponin and tropomyosin, bind the Ca, cover actin active sites

A

regulatory filaments

38
Q

band composed of only thin (myosin filaments)

A

I band

39
Q

band composed of only thick filaments

A

H band

40
Q

band composed of thick filaments that can change size

A

A band

41
Q

line that is found at the end of a band

A

Z line

42
Q

line that is found at the middle of a band

A

M line

43
Q

During the sliding filament theory, the ___________ of overlap enlarges and the ________ remains the same

A

zone and A

44
Q

During the sliding filament theory, the _________ and _________ bands shrink and the __________ lines more closer together

A

H and I, Z

45
Q

Ca ions actively transported back to sarcoplasmic reticulum, actin and myosin links are broken and release ATP, troponin and tropomysin covers actin active sites, active process

A

skeletal muscle relaxation

46
Q

an energy process that is not limited by O2 availability

A

glycolysis (2 ATP)

47
Q

an energy process that is limited by O2 availability

A

aerobic respiration (32 ATP)

48
Q

contraction relaxation cycles in a muscle fiber, multiple power strokes by each myosin head

A

muscle twitch

49
Q

all fibers in a motor unit either twitch or don’t following a stimulus (100% or 0%)

A

all or none law

50
Q

tension of a muscle is determined by ___________ and _____________

A

(1) frequency of stimulation (summation)

2) number of motor units stimulated (recruitment

51
Q

the resting tension of a muscle shows ___________

A

muscle tone

52
Q

muscle tone stabilizes joints, maintains posture, and is a ___________________________

A

major source of calories burned in weight loss programs

53
Q

involves constant, exhaustive stimulation, overall enlargement of the muscle, not hyperplasia

A

hypertrophy

54
Q

lack of constant motor neuron stimulation, due to age, hormones, or lack of use, reversible if fiber is not dead, “use it or lose it”

A

atrophy

55
Q

attachment site of a muscle that does not move

A

origin

56
Q

attachment site of a muscle that moves

A

insertion

57
Q

the tension that is created to move the insertion

A

force

58
Q

muscle type where fascicles are parallel to long axis (dense regular CT), provides unidirectional force, include fuiform and strap layer

A

parallel muscles

59
Q

muscle type that appears fan shaped, provides multidirectional force, very versatile, generates least amount of force, eg. pectoralis major

A

convergent muscles

60
Q

muscle type that is feather shaped, fascicles on oblique axis, tendon passes through muscle, provides the greatest force, includes unipennate, bipennate and multipennate

A

pennate muscle

61
Q

concentric fascicles around an opening, contraction decreases during lumen diameter

A

circular muscle (sphincter)

62
Q

the main muscle that is contracting

A

agonist

63
Q

muscle that opposes agonist, ex. biceps brachii and triceps branchii

A

antagonist

64
Q

muscle that stabilizes agonist, ex. delltoid stabilizes glenohumeral joint

A

fixator

65
Q

muscle that assists/modifies movement, often most useful at the start of contraction (when that agonist is stretched)

A

synergist

66
Q

All diarthroses are structured as __________

A

levers

67
Q

the type lever affects the ___________, ___________, ___________, and __________

A

magnitude of force
speed of movement
direction
distance of movement

68
Q

point of articulation in a lever

A

fulcrum

69
Q

load to be moved in a lever

A

resistance

70
Q

What are the three kinds of levers?

A

(1) First Class
(2) Second Class
(3) Third Class

71
Q

a lever that resembles a teeter tooter or see saw, adaptable resistance opposite to applied force, fulcrum in center, ex. neck extension

A

first class lever

72
Q

a lever that resembles a wheel barrow, exerts maximum force, fulcrum is opposite to applied force, resistance found in center, ex. plantar flexion on gastrocnemius

A

second class lever

73
Q

tension created by agonist in lever

A

applied force

74
Q

a lever that resembles a hockey stick, max movement and greatest ROM, force is opposite resistance, applied force in the center

A

third class lever

75
Q

most adaptable lever, can easily change direction , force, and speed

A

first class lever

76
Q

lever with the most force, little distance and slow speed

A

second class lever

77
Q

lever with great distance and quick speed, low force

A

third class lever

78
Q

What are the 3 kinds of skeletal muscle fiber?

A

(1) slow twitch oxidative
(2) fast twitch glycolytic
(3) fast twitch oxidative glycolytic

79
Q

slow acting, lowest energy requirement among muscle fibers, aerobic using oxygen (many mitochondria, many capillaries, lots of myoglobin), small diameter and low glycogen reserves, slow sustained contractions (mostly used for posture)

A

slow twitch oxidative

80
Q

fast acting, high energy requirement muscle fiber, anaerobic (don’t need oxygen and have less blood supply), few mitochondria, large diameter, densely packed myofibril and large glycogen reserves, for rapid, powerful, bried contractions (jumping)

A

fast twitch glycolytic

81
Q

fast acting, intermediate energy requirement muscle fiber, anerobic glycolytic activity, becomes more oxidative with training, more mitochondria, capillary density, and myoglobin, medium diameter with glycogen reserves, repeated mid-intensity contractions,

A

fast twitch oxidative glycolytic

82
Q

smallest type of muscle cell, one central nucleus, no sarcomeres because actin and myosin not aligned, no T-tubules, extra cellular matrix of collagen and elastic fibers (more elasticity and extendability)

A

structure of smooth muscle

83
Q

slow contraction, resistant to fatigue, complex control including nervous system, hormones, enzymes and ions

A

properties of smooth muscle

84
Q

What are the two types of smooth muscle?

A

(1) single unit

(2) mutli-unit

85
Q

most common type of smooth muscle, functional synatium (fibers act as one, across gap junction), cytosol as contractile force, seen in blood vessels and digestive tract

A

single unit smooth muscle

86
Q

smooth muscle of independent contraction, few gap junctions, uses recruitment as contractile force, seen in uterus (stage dependent) and iris

A

muti-unit smooth muscle

Gen. Anatomy Lecture (15 decks)

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