Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves-Chapter 14

Question 1

slender nerve column, travels from foramen magnum to between L1 and L2, does not travel into sacrum, contains conus medullaris, cauda equina, and filum terminale

Answer 1

spinal cord

Question 2

part of spinal cord, cone shaped, inferior section of the spinal cord

Answer 2

conus medullaris

Question 3

part of the spinal cord, shaped like a horses tail, bundle of nerves inferior to the spinal cord

Answer 3

cauda equina

Question 4

part of the spinal cord, terminal thread, inferior tip of nerve fibers, fibrous tissue blends to the coccygeal ligament

Answer 4

filum terminale

Question 5

a transverse section of the spinal cord shows ___________ symmetry

Answer 5

bilateral

Question 6

deep groove

Answer 6

anterior median fissure

Question 7

shallow groove

Answer 7

posterior median sulcus

Question 8

the white matter is _________ compared to the gray matter

Answer 8

superficial

Question 9

the gray matter is ___________ compared to the white matter

Answer 9

deep

Question 10

contains the soma, dendrites, and synapsees (not myelinated), allows for integration and command, somatic is found outside, visceral is found inside, sensory is found posterior, motor is found anterior

Answer 10

gray matter

Question 11

houses somatic and visceral sensory spinal nuclei

Answer 11

posterior horn

Question 12

houses visceral motor spinal nuclei

Answer 12

lateral gray horn

Question 13

houses somatic motor spinal nuclei

Answer 13

anterior gray horn

Question 14

surrounds the central canal, contains anterior and posterior aspects

Answer 14

gray commissure

Question 15

contains axons, white indicates myelination, carries information, organized into columns and tracts

Answer 15

white matter

Question 16

housed between posterior horns and median sulcus

Answer 16

posterior white columns

Question 17

houses between anterior horns and median fissure

Answer 17

anterior white columns

Question 18

sensory tract to brain

Answer 18

ascending tract

Question 19

motor tract from brain

Answer 19

descending tract

Question 20

swollen regions of the spinal cord, contain more gray matter (non axonal structure), cervical enlargement to pectoral girdle and upper limbs, lumbar enlargement to pelvic girdle and lower limbs

Answer 20

enlargements of the spinal cord

Question 21

spinal cord lies within the ___________

Answer 21

vertebral foramen

Question 22

between the meninges and vertebra, composed of adipose and areolar loose connective tissue, houses blood vessels, meninges continuous with epineurium of spinal nerves

Answer 22

epidural space

Question 23

membrane covering the CNS, provides physical stability and shock absorption, same composition in both brain and spinal cord, split into layers called matter

Answer 23

meninges

Question 24

What are the 3 layers of the spinal meninges?

Answer 24

(1) dura mater
(2) arachnoid mater
(3) pia mater

Question 25

deep to the epidural space and superficial to the subdural space, no extensive connections to the vertebrae denticulate ligaments stabilize laterally, stabilized longitudionally by occipital periosteum and coccygeal ligament

Answer 25

dura mater

Question 26

deep to subdural space and superficial to the subarahnoid space, may or may not exist in vitro, thin membrane superficially and arachnoid trabeculae deep (contains cerebrospinal fluid)

Answer 26

arachnoid mater

Question 27

adheres to the spinal cord, underlying astrocytes bind to collagen fibers, collagen fibers interweave with arachnoid trabeculae, denticulate ligaments connect pia and arachnoid to dura mater, support blood vessels which supply spinal cord

Answer 27

pia mater

Question 28

usually sensory axons, dorsal root ganglion, soma of sensory neurons

Answer 28

dorsal (posterior) root

Question 29

usually motor axons, no ganglion, distal to spinal cord

Answer 29

ventral (anterior) root

Question 30

all spinal nerve roots go through the ____________. Spinal nerve roots merge to form nerves, and they are usually mixed (sensory and motor)

Answer 30

intervertebral foramina

Question 31

distal offshoots of a spinal nerve, based on to or from physical location, dorsal and ventral, include ramus communicantes

Answer 31

rami

Question 32

carry to back, neck, and skin

Answer 32

dorsal ramus

Question 33

carry to body wall, limbs, and skin

Answer 33

ventral ramus

Question 34

between T1 and L2, visceral motor fibers of the sympathetic ANS, white ramus indicate preganglionic axons, gray ramus indicate postganglionic axons, axons do not rejoin roots

Answer 34

ramus communicantes

Question 35

paired spinal nerves that monitor specific regions of the body surface, damage to spinal cord or dorsal root ganglion means loss of sensation, damage detected by skin prick

Answer 35

dermatomes

Question 36

brain of ventral rami from multiple spinal nerves, innervated muscles fuse during development, found in several regions

Answer 36

nerve plexuses

Question 37

ventral rami of C1 to C5, innervates certain muscles of the neck and torso, include phrenic nerve, C3 to C5 control diaphragm

Answer 37

cervical plexus

Question 38

innervates pectoral girdle and upper limb, fuse into superior, middle and inferior trunks, re-branch into posterior, lateral and medial cords

Answer 38

brachial plexus

Question 39

ventral rami of T12 to L4, innervates pelvic girdle and lower limb, includes femoral nerve which sends motor impulses to the leg and thigh and sensory from the skin of the leg and thigh

Answer 39

lumbar plexus

Question 40

ventral rami of L4 to S4, innervates gluteal pubic region and lower limb, includes sciatic nerve for muscles and skin in thighs, feet and lower limb, includes pudendal nerve for perineurium muscles and skin of external genitals

Answer 40

sacral plexus

Question 41

sensory information to the central nervous system

Answer 41

first order sensory

Question 42

transmit information from spinal cord or brainstem to the thalamus

Answer 42

second order sensory

Question 43

carry signal from thalamus to the cerebral cortex

Answer 43

third order sensory

Question 44

upper (all CNS) and lower motor neurons

Answer 44

somatic motor pathways

Question 45

preganglionic and postganglionic

Answer 45

autonomic motor pathways

Question 46

ascending pathway, fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus, sensory impulses from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints, percieved as fine touch, pressure, and body position

Answer 46

posterior column pathway

Question 47

ascending pathway, lateral tract for sensation of pain and temperature, anterior tract of sensation of crude touch and pressure

Answer 47

spinothalamic pathway

Question 48

ascending pathway, propioception for fine coordination, no synapse in thalamus gives subconscious processing

Answer 48

spinocerebellar pathway

Question 49

What are the 3 ascending pathways?

Answer 49

(1) posterior column pathway (2) spinothalamic pathway (3) spinocerebellar pathway

Question 50

What are the 3 descending pathways?

Answer 50

(1) corticospinal pathway (2) medial pathway (3) lateral pathway

Question 51

descending pathway, controls voluntary movements, corticobubular, lateral corticospinal, and anterior corticospinal tracts, generally direct

Answer 51

corticospinal pathway

Question 52

descending tract, assists postural muscles, gross movements and muscle tone of trunk and proximal limb, include vestibulospinal, tectrospinal, and reticulospinal tracts

Answer 52

medial pathway

Question 53

descending pathway, for muscle tone and precise movements of distal upper limb, rubrospinal tracts for skeletal muscles of distal upper limb

Answer 53

lateral pathway

Question 54

rapid, automatic, involuntary motor responses to a stimuli, help to preserve homeostasis, no cerebral processing required, can be modified by cerebral control

Answer 54

reflexes

Question 55

What are the steps to the reflex arc?

Answer 55

(1) receptor stimulated by a detectable stimulus (2) sensory neuron sends signal to the CNS (3) info may e processed by transmission to the appropriate interneuron (4) motor neuron sends signal to the effector

Question 56

What are the 4 classifications to reflexes?

Answer 56

(1) development (2) processing (3) response (4) circuitry

Question 57

can be innate (genetically built in) or acquired (through repetition or experience)

Answer 57

development of a reflex

Question 58

sensory input can be directly to the spinal cord or the brain

Answer 58

processing of a reflex

Question 59

can be a somatic response (influences to the skeletal muscle system) or visceral (autonomic which influences the involuntary systems)

Answer 59

response of a reflex

Question 60

can be monosynaptic (sensory neuron to motor neuron) or polysynaptic (involves more than 1 interneuron)

Answer 60

circuitry of a reflex