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Gen. Anatomy Lecture > Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves-Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves-Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

slender nerve column, travels from foramen magnum to between L1 and L2, does not travel into sacrum, contains conus medullaris, cauda equina, and filum terminale

A

spinal cord

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2
Q

part of spinal cord, cone shaped, inferior section of the spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

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3
Q

part of the spinal cord, shaped like a horses tail, bundle of nerves inferior to the spinal cord

A

cauda equina

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4
Q

part of the spinal cord, terminal thread, inferior tip of nerve fibers, fibrous tissue blends to the coccygeal ligament

A

filum terminale

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5
Q

a transverse section of the spinal cord shows ___________ symmetry

A

bilateral

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6
Q

deep groove

A

anterior median fissure

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7
Q

shallow groove

A

posterior median sulcus

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8
Q

the white matter is _________ compared to the gray matter

A

superficial

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9
Q

the gray matter is ___________ compared to the white matter

A

deep

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10
Q

contains the soma, dendrites, and synapsees (not myelinated), allows for integration and command, somatic is found outside, visceral is found inside, sensory is found posterior, motor is found anterior

A

gray matter

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11
Q

houses somatic and visceral sensory spinal nuclei

A

posterior horn

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12
Q

houses visceral motor spinal nuclei

A

lateral gray horn

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13
Q

houses somatic motor spinal nuclei

A

anterior gray horn

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14
Q

surrounds the central canal, contains anterior and posterior aspects

A

gray commissure

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15
Q

contains axons, white indicates myelination, carries information, organized into columns and tracts

A

white matter

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16
Q

housed between posterior horns and median sulcus

A

posterior white columns

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17
Q

houses between anterior horns and median fissure

A

anterior white columns

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18
Q

sensory tract to brain

A

ascending tract

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19
Q

motor tract from brain

A

descending tract

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20
Q

swollen regions of the spinal cord, contain more gray matter (non axonal structure), cervical enlargement to pectoral girdle and upper limbs, lumbar enlargement to pelvic girdle and lower limbs

A

enlargements of the spinal cord

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21
Q

spinal cord lies within the ___________

A

vertebral foramen

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22
Q

between the meninges and vertebra, composed of adipose and areolar loose connective tissue, houses blood vessels, meninges continuous with epineurium of spinal nerves

A

epidural space

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23
Q

membrane covering the CNS, provides physical stability and shock absorption, same composition in both brain and spinal cord, split into layers called matter

A

meninges

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24
Q

What are the 3 layers of the spinal meninges?

A

(1) dura mater
(2) arachnoid mater
(3) pia mater

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25
Q

deep to the epidural space and superficial to the subdural space, no extensive connections to the vertebrae denticulate ligaments stabilize laterally, stabilized longitudionally by occipital periosteum and coccygeal ligament

A

dura mater

26
Q

deep to subdural space and superficial to the subarahnoid space, may or may not exist in vitro, thin membrane superficially and arachnoid trabeculae deep (contains cerebrospinal fluid)

A

arachnoid mater

27
Q

adheres to the spinal cord, underlying astrocytes bind to collagen fibers, collagen fibers interweave with arachnoid trabeculae, denticulate ligaments connect pia and arachnoid to dura mater, support blood vessels which supply spinal cord

A

pia mater

28
Q

usually sensory axons, dorsal root ganglion, soma of sensory neurons

A

dorsal (posterior) root

29
Q

usually motor axons, no ganglion, distal to spinal cord

A

ventral (anterior) root

30
Q

all spinal nerve roots go through the ____________. Spinal nerve roots merge to form nerves, and they are usually mixed (sensory and motor)

A

intervertebral foramina

31
Q

distal offshoots of a spinal nerve, based on to or from physical location, dorsal and ventral, include ramus communicantes

A

rami

32
Q

carry to back, neck, and skin

A

dorsal ramus

33
Q

carry to body wall, limbs, and skin

A

ventral ramus

34
Q

between T1 and L2, visceral motor fibers of the sympathetic ANS, white ramus indicate preganglionic axons, gray ramus indicate postganglionic axons, axons do not rejoin roots

A

ramus communicantes

35
Q

paired spinal nerves that monitor specific regions of the body surface, damage to spinal cord or dorsal root ganglion means loss of sensation, damage detected by skin prick

A

dermatomes

36
Q

brain of ventral rami from multiple spinal nerves, innervated muscles fuse during development, found in several regions

A

nerve plexuses

37
Q

ventral rami of C1 to C5, innervates certain muscles of the neck and torso, include phrenic nerve, C3 to C5 control diaphragm

A

cervical plexus

38
Q

innervates pectoral girdle and upper limb, fuse into superior, middle and inferior trunks, re-branch into posterior, lateral and medial cords

A

brachial plexus

39
Q

ventral rami of T12 to L4, innervates pelvic girdle and lower limb, includes femoral nerve which sends motor impulses to the leg and thigh and sensory from the skin of the leg and thigh

A

lumbar plexus

40
Q

ventral rami of L4 to S4, innervates gluteal pubic region and lower limb, includes sciatic nerve for muscles and skin in thighs, feet and lower limb, includes pudendal nerve for perineurium muscles and skin of external genitals

A

sacral plexus

41
Q

sensory information to the central nervous system

A

first order sensory

42
Q

transmit information from spinal cord or brainstem to the thalamus

A

second order sensory

43
Q

carry signal from thalamus to the cerebral cortex

A

third order sensory

44
Q

upper (all CNS) and lower motor neurons

A

somatic motor pathways

45
Q

preganglionic and postganglionic

A

autonomic motor pathways

46
Q

ascending pathway, fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus, sensory impulses from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints, percieved as fine touch, pressure, and body position

A

posterior column pathway

47
Q

ascending pathway, lateral tract for sensation of pain and temperature, anterior tract of sensation of crude touch and pressure

A

spinothalamic pathway

48
Q

ascending pathway, propioception for fine coordination, no synapse in thalamus gives subconscious processing

A

spinocerebellar pathway

49
Q

What are the 3 ascending pathways?

A

(1) posterior column pathway
(2) spinothalamic pathway
(3) spinocerebellar pathway

50
Q

What are the 3 descending pathways?

A

(1) corticospinal pathway
(2) medial pathway
(3) lateral pathway

51
Q

descending pathway, controls voluntary movements, corticobubular, lateral corticospinal, and anterior corticospinal tracts, generally direct

A

corticospinal pathway

52
Q

descending tract, assists postural muscles, gross movements and muscle tone of trunk and proximal limb, include vestibulospinal, tectrospinal, and reticulospinal tracts

A

medial pathway

53
Q

descending pathway, for muscle tone and precise movements of distal upper limb, rubrospinal tracts for skeletal muscles of distal upper limb

A

lateral pathway

54
Q

rapid, automatic, involuntary motor responses to a stimuli, help to preserve homeostasis, no cerebral processing required, can be modified by cerebral control

A

reflexes

55
Q

What are the steps to the reflex arc?

A

(1) receptor stimulated by a detectable stimulus
(2) sensory neuron sends signal to the CNS
(3) info may e processed by transmission to the appropriate interneuron
(4) motor neuron sends signal to the effector

56
Q

What are the 4 classifications to reflexes?

A

(1) development
(2) processing
(3) response
(4) circuitry

57
Q

can be innate (genetically built in) or acquired (through repetition or experience)

A

development of a reflex

58
Q

sensory input can be directly to the spinal cord or the brain

A

processing of a reflex

59
Q

can be a somatic response (influences to the skeletal muscle system) or visceral (autonomic which influences the involuntary systems)

A

response of a reflex

60
Q

can be monosynaptic (sensory neuron to motor neuron) or polysynaptic (involves more than 1 interneuron)

A

circuitry of a reflex

Gen. Anatomy Lecture (15 decks)

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