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Parasitology lec > TISSUE NEMATODES > Flashcards

TISSUE NEMATODES Flashcards

1
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

Also known as

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

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2
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

Former name:

A

Haemostrongylus ratti

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3
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

Common Name

A

Rat Lung Worm

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4
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Life Cycle

Final hosts are ____ (specifically located in their lungs)

A

rats

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5
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Life Cycle

Female worms in the lungs will produce ____ and these will hatch in the lungs

A

eggs

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6
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Life Cycle

Once hatched it will release ______ which will then be found in the feces.

A

L1 larva

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7
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Life Cycle

A related species of P. cantonensis is
_________. They hatch in the small intestine.

A

costrasinensis

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8
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Life Cycle

L1 larvae will then be ingested by the ____________

A

intermediate hosts (snails)

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9
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Life Cycle

One of the snails that can serve as Intermediate host is __________

A

African Giant Snail or Achatina Fulica

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10
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Life Cycle

inside the snail, the L1 larva will become the ______ wherein it is the infective stage

A

L3 larva

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11
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Life Cycle

The rat will then be infected if they ingest the snail containing the L3 larva or the _____ of the snail.

A

slime

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12
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Life Cycle

____ are just incidental host if they ingest the snails or vegetables contaminated the by the snail containing the L3 larva or ingesting the paratenic hosts (e.g. crabs or freshwater fishes)

A

Human

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13
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Life Cycle

Humans will then get the larva and the parasite will find itself in the ____

A

CNS

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14
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Life Cycle

The larva can also be found in the ____.

A

eye

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15
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

Definitive Host:

A

Rats (Rattus rattus)

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16
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

accidental or incidental host

A

Humans

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17
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

Intermediate Hosts:

A

○ Achatina fulica (giant African snail)
○ Hemiplecta sagittifera
○ Helicostyla macrostoma
○ Vaginilus plebius
○ Veronicella altae

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18
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

Paratenic hosts:

A
  • Prawn
  • crab
  • vegetation
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19
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

Infective stage:

A

L3 Larva

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20
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

MOT:

A

Ingestion of raw or undercooked infected snails

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21
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

Habitat:

A

Lungs of definitive host

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22
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

As of now, we cannot find adult worms yet in ______, they are only in larva stages. However, on rats, we can find adult worms.

A

humans

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23
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

In the female worm, they have the _______ appearance.

A

“barber pole”

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24
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

There are two colors. The darker one represents the _______ of the female worm while the lighter one represents the _________.

A
  • intestine
  • uterus
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25
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

In the male worm, the lower part shows the ___________ while the tail is called the ______.

A
  • copulatory bursa
  • spicule
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26
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

infective stage

A

L3

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27
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

Eggs can be recovered in rodent _______

A

feces

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28
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Disease

A

Angiostrongyliasis, Parastrongyliasis

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29
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Disease Manifestation

A

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

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30
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Disease Manifestation

Signs and Symptoms:

A

○ Headache
○ Vomiting
○ Neck stiffness
○ Seizures eosinophilia
○ Neurologic abnormalities
○ Ocular involvement wherein the larva are found in the eyes

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31
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Disease Manifestation

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Diagnosis

A
  • Travel History and Exposure of the patient
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) examination
  • CT-Scan
  • Serology
  • PCR
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31
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Disease Manifestation

Prognosis is good; usually ________

A

self limiting

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32
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Diagnosis

people usually get this infection if they are coming from endemic areas like __________ and the countries
from the _____________

A
  • Southeast Asia
  • Pacific basin
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33
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Diagnosis

more than
______ of WBCs is composed of eosinophils

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) examination

A

10%

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34
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Diagnosis

CSF Protein:

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) examination

A

mild elevation

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35
Q

Parastrongylus cantonensis: Treatment

A

There is still no recommended treatment but the following can be given:
○ Mebendazole
○ Thiabendazole
○ Albendazole

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36
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

There is a life cycle in Trichinella spiralis that would involve a pig to pig life cycle wherein there is ________ that happens

A

carnivorism

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36
Q

Trichinella spiralis

Commonly known as:

A

Trichina Worm or Muscle Worm or Garbage worm

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37
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

The pig that would serve as the ________ would ingest meat scraps of animals or meat scraps of pork

A

final host

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38
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

In this case, the infective stage to the pig which is the final host is the ___________

A

encysted larva

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39
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

The pigs could get the infection in that manner; if they are ingesting meat scraps or animals containing the _________

A

encysted larva

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40
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

The rat would ingest meat scraps containing the encysted larva. In some cases, another rat would ingest that rat which was previously infected

A

rat to rat life cycle

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41
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

Another one is the ________ which involves a host that is carnivorous as well as omnivorous.

A

Sylvatic life cycle

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42
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

Humans get into the picture if they ingest ____________ containing the encysted larva

A

undercooked or raw pork

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43
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

It is usually pork that is involved here but in some cases, there are also reports of Trichinella after ingesting __________

A

animal meat

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44
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

There are also reports of people getting the infection after eating undercooked _________ or ___________
particularly in the United States.

A

bacon or sausages

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45
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

Once the humans ingest the meat containing the encysted larva, the larva would then be released in the ________ where it develops and becomes adult.

A

small intestine

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46
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

This larva would then be deposited in the ______ and it would then find its way in the __________

A
  • mucosa
  • striated muscle
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47
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

The females in the cycle are __________ females. The female worms produce larva

A

larviparous

48
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

The striated muscles that they prefer infecting are those very _____ muscle cells.

A

active

49
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

In the encystation process of the larva, ______
are also involved.

A

nurse cells

49
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

Aside from the striated muscle, there is also the possibility that the larva can also encyst in the __________ and ____________

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • skeletal muscle
50
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

It helps in producing the cyst that would surround that larva in the muscle

A

nurse cells

51
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle

If humans get the infection, aside from being an accidental host, they may also serve as the _________ since the life cycle would already stop in humans.

A

dead end host

52
Q

Trichinella spiralis

Final Host (FH)

A

Pigs and other mammals

53
Q

Trichinella spiralis

Habitat

A

Small intestine, striated
muscle

54
Q

Trichinella spiralis

Mode of Transmission
(MOT)

A

Ingestion of undercooked or
raw pork (other meat) infected with larva

55
Q

Trichinella spiralis

Infective Stage (IS)

A

Encysted larva

56
Q

Trichinella spiralis

Diagnostic stage

A

Encysted larva

57
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Adult Morphology

Claspers on tail called:

A

conical papillae

58
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Adult Morphology

It holds the female during copulation or
sexual reproduction.

A

conical papillae

59
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Adult Morphology

Fully formed _______ with larva

A

uterus

60
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Disease Manifestation and Pathology

Signs and Symptoms in intestinal phase

A

Minor usually nonspecific
gastroenteritis

61
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Disease Manifestation and Pathology

Disease

A

Trichinosis

62
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Disease Manifestation and Pathology

Signs and Symptoms in Muscle Invasion

A

■ Fever and Eosinophilia
■ High levels of IgE
■ Muscle pain, myocarditis
■ Some may experience CNS
involvement

63
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Disease Manifestation and Pathology

Another manifestation that you might also encounter in Trichinella is _________

A

Edema

64
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Diagnosis

A
  • Muscle biopsy
  • Biochemical tests
  • Very high levels of eosinophils
  • ELISA
  • Bentonite Flocculation Test
  • Bachman Intradermal Test
  • Beck’s Xenodiagnosis
65
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Diagnosis

A definitive test for Trichinella spiralis. Look for the encysted larva that are usually found in active muscles like the deltoid muscle, the gastrocnemius muscle, and the biceps

A

Muscle biopsy

66
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Diagnosis

We can also obtain blood samples and you would notice that there would be elevation of:

Biochemical tests – blood chemistry.

A
  • potassium
  • lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
  • myokinase.
67
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Diagnosis

The elevation of LDH and myokinase is usually associated with _________ of the muscle.

A

inflammation

68
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Diagnosis

Trichinella spiralis can actually induce the greatest increase of ___________ among different parasites.

A

eosinophils

69
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Diagnosis

A serologic tests that detects your antibodies against Trichinella spiralis:

A
  • ELISA
  • Bentonite Flocculation Test
70
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Diagnosis

Involves the use of laboratory animals,
specifically, albino rats.

A

Beck’s Xenodiagnosis

70
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Diagnosis

A skin test wherein you are injected in your skin a _________ dilution of the larval antigen. If you were previously exposed to the parasite, there would be a hypersensitivity reaction, a wheal-and-flare reaction.

Bachman Intradermal Test

A

1:10,000

71
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Diagnosis

The muscle coming from the suspected patient is fed into the rat. The rat should be observed for around 14 days. After 14 days, it should be sacrificed and killed.

A

Beck’s Xenodiagnosis

72
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Diagnosis

When you have seen a _________ in its small intestine, then the patient is positive for the infection.

Beck’s Xenodiagnosis

A

female worm

73
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Treatment

A

● Mebendazole
● Steroids and Mebendazole

74
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Treatment

intestinal phase

A

Mebendazole

75
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Treatment

severe acute infections

A

Steroids and Mebendazole

76
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Epidemiology

Life cycle maintained in the environment by
_________

A

carnivores

77
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Epidemiology

Other distinct species of Trichinella spiralis

A
  • T. nativa
  • T. nelsoni
  • T. britovi
  • T. pseudospiralis
78
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Epidemiology

occurs in arctic and subarctic
zones; high pathogenicity, high resistance to freezing

Other distinct species of Trichinella spiralis

A

T. nativa

79
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Epidemiology

occurs in tropical Africa

Other distinct species of Trichinella spiralis

A

T. nelsoni

80
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Epidemiology

occurs in temperate Paleoarctic
region; very low pathogenicity

Other distinct species of Trichinella spiralis

A

T. britovi

81
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Epidemiology

cosmopolitan; does not
encyst; infectious to birds

Other distinct species of Trichinella spiralis

A

T. pseudospiralis

82
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

Commonly known as

A
  • Guinea Worm
  • Fiery Serpent
  • Medina Worm
  • Dragon Worm
82
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Prevention

Freeze meat in this temp

A
  • -15C for 20 days
  • -30C for 6 days
83
Q

Trichinella spiralis: Prevention

Cook meet in this temp

A

77C

84
Q

Largest nematode infecting man

A

Dracunculus medinensis

84
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

The female worm of D. medinensis can reach up to __________ in length depending on the references

A

1-2 meters

85
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

In the _________ tissue underneath your skin, you can find the adult worms of D. medinensis.

A

subcutaneous

86
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Life Cycle

In the water you would find _________

A

copepods

86
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Life Cycle

Humans get the infection if they are drinking or ingesting contaminated ________

A

water

87
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Life Cycle

Copepods, particularly your cyclops are your
_________.

A

microcrustaceans

87
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Life Cycle

Inside the copepods is the ________. Once the human drinks this water containing the copepods, the person would get the infection.

A

L3 larva

88
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Life Cycle

Eventually, once the person drinks the water containing the copepod, the L3 larva is then released into the _________ which would go to the ___________ and becomes a mature adult worm.

A
  • stomach
  • subcutaneous tissue
88
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Life Cycle

As the adult worms in the subcutaneous tissue mature, they would eventually _________

A

reproduce

88
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Life Cycle

It would actually take around almost a _____ for the life cycle to continue.

A

year

89
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Life Cycle

After 1 year from the time of infection, the fertilized female worm would then migrate to the skin and subcutaneous tissue causing the formation of blisters
and discharges of _________.

A

L1 larvae

90
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Life Cycle

For the life cycle to continue, that L1 larvae must find its way into __________. Usually it is also the water where they get their drinking water like wells.

A

fresh water

91
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Life Cycle

The adult male worms ___ earlier and are smaller than female worms.

A

die

92
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Life Cycle

Inside the copepod, the L1 larva would eventually become an _________, repeating the life cycle.

A

L3 larva

92
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Life Cycle

If that larva would then have contact with the freshwater, that L1 larva would be ingested by the
______.

A

copepod

93
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

Habitat

A

Subcutaneous Tissue

93
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

Mode of Transmission
(MOT)

A

Ingestion/Drinking of
contaminated water

94
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

Infective Stage (IS) to humans

A

L3 larva

95
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

Final Host (FH)

A

Humans

96
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

Intermediate Host (IH)

A

Copepods (Cyclops)

97
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

Infective Stage (IS) to cocepods

A

L1 larva

98
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

This is actually how it is treated or how the worm is removed; by slowly rolling it with the ____________

A

wooden stick.

99
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

Make sure that if you’re removing the worm, you have to completely get the whole worm and avoid breaking it because if it is not removed completely, it could also
lead to an __________

A

allergic reaction.

100
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

The worm can also ____ in the subcutaneous tissue.

A

calcify

101
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Disease

A

● Guinea Worm Disease
● Dracunculiasis

102
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Disease Manifestation

A

● Formation of blister
● Urticaria (Itchiness)
● Vomiting, Diarrhea
● Asthma attacks
● Discharge of worm

102
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Disease Manifestation

because of the migration of the larva from the GI tract

A

Vomiting, Diarrhea

103
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Disease Manifestation

Symptoms may _______ once ulceration or ulcers/blisters appear

A

disappear

104
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Epidemiology

Usually, the people get the infection if they have contact with the water sources that can be breeding grounds for the copepods like the following:

A

○ Stepwells of India
○ Wells
○ Ponds
○ Open Cisterns

105
Q

We primarily find the parasite in:

A
  • Middle East
  • Central India Pakistan
  • Africa
106
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Diagnosis

A

● Appearance of Cutaneous Lesion and Worms
● X-ray – visualization of calcified worms

106
Q

Dracunculus medinensis: Treatment

A

● Removal of worms using a stick
● Metronidazole – drug of choice

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