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Parasitology lec > Filarial worms > Flashcards

Filarial worms Flashcards

1
Q

Nematodes that are found in the ________ and _________

A

blood and the
lymphatics

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2
Q

Vector Transmitted by _______ vectors such as
mosquitoes

A

Arthropod

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3
Q

Prevalent of all the filarial worms

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

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4
Q

Not that prevalent

A

Brugia malayi

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5
Q

Most cases are found in Asia

A

Brugia malayi

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6
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

Can live for around ___ years in the lymphatic vessels

A

10

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7
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

Common Name

A

Bancroft’s Filarial Worm

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8
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

Certain periodic time when the adult worms release the microfilaria from ________ to the _______

A
  • lymphatic vessels
  • bloodstream
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9
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

________ in appearance if found in the
lymphatic vessels

A

Whitish or creamy

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10
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

Final Host

A

Humans

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11
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

Intermediate Host

A

Mosquitoes
Vectors

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12
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

Mosquitoes
Vectors:

A
  1. Aedes poecilus
  2. Anopheles flavirostris
  3. Culex
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13
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

Infective to FH/Humans

A

3rd stage Larva (L3 Filiform)

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14
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

Infective to IH and
Diagnostic stage for FH

A

microfilaria (found in the blood)

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15
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

MOT

A

Larval Penetration

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16
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

Habitat of Adults

A

Lymphatics

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17
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

Mosquito infected with _______ takes a blood meal

A

L3 larva

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18
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

after the blood meal, there will be drops of blood left over from the _____

A

proboscis

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18
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

Mosquito does not inject directly the L3 larva, the larva actively penetrates the _________ caused by the proboscis

A

puncture wound

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19
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

_______ in the proboscis will actively move
into the puncture wound

A

L3 Larva

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20
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

L3 Larva will find its way to the ________ where it will develop into an adult worm

A

lymphatics

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21
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

Adult worms become sexually mature for
approximately _________

A

7 months

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22
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

Female worm will produce partially ________

A

embryonated egg

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23
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

partially embryonated egg will eventually become the ______

A

microfilariae

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24
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

is a modified type of egg

A

Microfilaria

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25
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

Inside the microfilaria is an embryo that is developing that becomes _______

A

elongated

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26
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

Microfilaria will be found first in the capillary and blood vessels of the ____, then the peripheral blood

A

lungs

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27
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

Mosquito will take another blood meal, getting the
________

A

microfilaria

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28
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

Once ingested by the mosquito, the _____ will be removed and the unsheathed microfilariae will penetrate the _______

A
  • sheath
  • midgut
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29
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

After going in the midgut of the mosquito, it will go to the ______________

A

thoracic muscles

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30
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Life Cycle

L1 larva will become an L3 larva which will go to the mosquito’s ______

A

proboscis

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31
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Under the Microscope

What specimen will you use?

A

Fresh blood specimen under LPO

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32
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Under the Microscope

Characteristic movement:

A

graceful and smooth

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33
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Under the Microscope

____ microfilaria compared to Brugia malayi

A

Longer

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34
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Under the Microscope

Cephalic space:

A

breadth ratio (1:1)

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35
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Under the Microscope

clear part of
the microfilaria; has space

A

Cephalic space

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36
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Under the Microscope

width/kapal of the microfilaria

A

Breadth

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37
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Under the Microscope

Body nuclei:

A

Regularly Spaces;
Not Overlapping

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38
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Under the Microscope

Mean Length

A

290 um

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39
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Under the Microscope

Sheath
(Staining)

A

Sheathed;
Unstained with
Giemsa

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40
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Under the Microscope

Tail

A

Single Row of Nuclei
that doesn’t reach
tail’s end

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41
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Under the Microscope

Terminal Nuclei

A

None

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42
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Under the Microscope

Appearance in
Blood Films

A

Graceful; Smoothly
Curved

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43
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti: Under the Microscope

Periodicity (adult worms release the microfilaria during a specific period of time)

A

Nocturnal (10 PM to
2 AM)

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44
Q

Brugia malayi

Intermediate Host:

A
  • Mansonia bonneae
  • Mansonia uniformis
  • Anopheles
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45
Q

Brugia malayi

Common Name:

A

Malayan Filarial Worm

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46
Q

Brugia malayi: Under the Microscope

Mean Length

A

222 um

47
Q

Brugia malayi: Under the Microscope

Cephalic
Space:Breadth

A

2:1

48
Q

Brugia malayi: Under the Microscope

Sheath
(Staining)

A

Sheathed; Pink
with Giemsa

49
Q

Brugia malayi: Under the Microscope

Nuclei

A

Irregularly Space;
Overlapping

50
Q

Brugia malayi: Under the Microscope

Tail

A

Single Row of
Nuclei that reach
tail’s end

51
Q

Brugia malayi: Under the Microscope

Terminal Nuclei

A

Yes, 2 nuclei

52
Q

Brugia malayi: Under the Microscope

Appearance in
Blood Films

A

Kinky

53
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

has an acute and chronic phase

A

Lymphatic Filariasis

53
Q

Brugia malayi: Under the Microscope

Periodicity (adult worms release the microfilaria during a specific period of time)

A

Subperiodic (12
NN to 8 PM

54
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

Lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti would be more _____ compared to Brugia malayi.

A

severe

55
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

Asymptomatic Phase: thousands to millions of microfilaria in the _____ and adult worms in the _________

Lymphatic Filariasis

A
  • blood
  • lymphatics
56
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

Early manifestation:

Lymphatic Filariasis

A
  • Fever
  • Lymphadenitis
  • Swelling
  • Redness of Arms and Legs
  • Vomiting
  • Headache
57
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

lymph nodes are inflamed

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

Lymphadenitis

58
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

Most common acute manifestation of LF

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

acute dermatolymphangioadenitis
(adenolymphangitis)

ADLA

59
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

Chronic Phase:

Lymphatic Filariasis

A
  • Elephantiasis
  • Hydrocoele
  • Chylocoele
  • Lymphocoele; Chyluria
60
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

Chronic Phase: After _____ years since infection

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

10-20

61
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

Chronic Phase: Death of _______ will cause obstruction and inflammation in the lymphatic vessel

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

adult worms

62
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

most common
chronic manifestation

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

Lymphedema

63
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

accumulation of lymphatic fluid

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

Elephantiasis

64
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

certain parts of the body are enlarged

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

Elephantiasis

64
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

Chronic Phase: Result in ______, changes in the morphology of the lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

fibrosis

65
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

enlargement of scrotum in males

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

Hydrocoele

66
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

can affect the vulva in females

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

Hydrocoele

67
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

Lymphatic fluid can be recovered in
urine samples

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

Chyluria

68
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

Once the chronic phase starts, and there is already enlargement of those affected parts of the body, then it is no longer ______.

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

reversible

69
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

In Wuchereria bancrofti, the enlargement is
usually _______

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

below the waist.

70
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

Paroxysmal Nocturnal cough

A

Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia

71
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

the patient would experience
coughing during the night

Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia

A

Paroxysmal Nocturnal cough

72
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

Hypereosinophilia

A

Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia

73
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

Lung infection is impaired

A

Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia

74
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

Microfilaria would initially be found in the
lung tissue

A

Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia

75
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

“hidden”.
Microfilaria can’t be detected yet in
the peripheral blood.

Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia

A

Occult Filariasis

76
Q

Filarial Worms: Disease Manifestation

may also occur during the acute phase of
Lymphatic Filariasis

A

Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia

77
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

A
  • Thick Smears
  • Diethylcarbamazine Provocative Test
  • Concentration Techniques
  • Serology
  • Molecular Methods
  • Ultrasonography
78
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

Stain for thick smears

A

Giemsa stained

79
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

Objectives used in microscopy

A

LPO (Low power objective lens)

80
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

W. bancrofti time of blood collection

A

10pm to
2am (Nocturnal periodicity

81
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

B. malayi time of blood collection

A

12nn to 8 pm (Subperiodic Periodicity)

82
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

no need to wake up early to get blood sample

A

Diethylcarbamazine Provocative Test

82
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

increased chance of detecting filarial worms

A

Diethylcarbamazine Provocative Test

83
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

How much DEC is needed in Diethylcarbamazine Provocative Test

A

3mg/kg

83
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

Two types of Concentration Techniques

A
  • Knott’s Concentration Technique
  • Membrane filtration Method (Nuclepore filter)
84
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

____ of whole blood + _____ of 2% formalin

Knott’s Concentration Technique

A
  • 1mL
  • 10mL
84
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

Preserves the microfillaria in centrifugation

Knott’s Concentration Technique

A

2% formalin

85
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

After centrifuge, get the ________
and stain it with giemsa then examine under the microscope.

Knott’s Concentration Technique

A

sediment

86
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

filter set-up allowing the blood to pass through the filter

A

Membrane filtration Method (Nuclepore filter)

87
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

the _______ would remain in the filter since it is bigger

Membrane filtration Method (Nuclepore filter)

A

microfilaria

88
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

The _________ will be stained and examined under the microscope.

Membrane filtration Method (Nuclepore filter)

A

membrane filter

89
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

Detection of Circulating Filarial Antigen

A

Serology

89
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

Rapid Diagnostic Test antigens used:

A
  • Ag BmR1(Brugia Rapid)
  • WbSXP-1
90
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

more appropriate during the chronic phase

A

Ultrasonography

91
Q

Filarial Worms: Diagnosis

The examination of ________ would be helpful in the acute phase because once the patient is already in the chronic phase, the microfilaria will not be detected because the adult worms are already dead.

A

blood smears

91
Q

Filarial Worms: Treatment

Main drug

A

Diethylcarbamazine

92
Q

Filarial Worms: Epidemiology

more widespread, affects India, SEA, Pacific Islands, Africa, and South and Central America

A

Bancroftian Filariasis

93
Q

Filarial Worms: Epidemiology

affects SEA

A

Malayan Filariasis

94
Q

Filarial Worms: Treatment

Other drugs:

A

○ Ivermectin
○ Albendazole
○ Doxycycline

95
Q

In order for you to develop a disease, you should be ________ by the infected mosquito.

A

repeatedly bitten

95
Q

Based on statistics, Filariasis would be more common among the population of _____ but would
depend on their occupation

A

males

96
Q

In the Philippines, most cases of Filariasis will be found in the _______ and some parts of ________ and _______

A
  • Bicol region
  • Visayas and Mindanao.
96
Q

Transmission of Filariasis can be due to the availability of the breeding sites for mosquitoes (where water can accumulate):

A
  • Musa textilis (abaca)
  • Colocasia esculenta
  • Water lilies
97
Q

__________ have a higher chance of getting infected by Filariasis.

A

Agricultural workers

98
Q

Malayan Filariasis is seen in:

A
  • Palawan
  • Eastern Samar
  • Agusan del Sur
  • Sulu
99
Q

Quite similar to Wuchereria bancrofti but longer than
Brugia malayi

A

Brugia timori

99
Q

Disease is seen more in ____ than children

A

adults

100
Q

Similar to bancroftian filariasis in clinical presentation

A

Brugia timori

101
Q

Microfilaria longer than _______

Brugia timori

A

B. malayi

102
Q

Cephalic space

Brugia timori

A

3:1

103
Q

Sheath

Brugia timori

A

unstained by Giemsa

104
Q

Periodicity

Brugia timori

A

Nocturnal

105
Q

Vector

Brugia timori

A

Anopheles barbirostris

can be found in Indonesia

Parasitology lec (24 decks)

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