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Parasitology lec > Flagellates > Flashcards

Flagellates Flashcards

1
Q

What subphylum flagellates belong to?

A

Subphylum Mastigophora

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2
Q

Under Subphylum
Mastigophora

A

Class Zoomastigophora

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3
Q

What is under Class Zoomastigophora?

A
  • Intestinal and Urogentinal Flagellates
  • Hemoflagellates
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4
Q

Flagelates present in the blood, other bodily fluids and tissues

A

Hemoflagellates

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5
Q

Where can you find Trichomonas vaginalis?

A

Urogenital area

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5
Q

All flagellates inhabit the large intestine or colon except?

A
  • Giardia lamblia
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
  • Trichomonas tenax
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6
Q

Where can you find the Gargia Lamblia?

A

small intestine

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7
Q

Where can you find Trichomonas tenax?

A

mouth or oral cavity

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8
Q

All are commensals except?

A
  • Giardia lamblia
  • Dientamoeba fragilis
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
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8
Q

All flagellates undergo encystation except?

A

Trichomonas spp.

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9
Q

Flagellates undergo asexual reproduction through _____________?

A

binary fission

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10
Q

Synonyms for Giardia lamblia

A
  • Giardia duodenalis
  • Giardia intestinalis
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11
Q

What is the final host of G. lamblia?

A

Man

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12
Q

Aside from humans, where can you find G. lamblia?

A

Animals (eg. beaver)

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13
Q

Habitat of G. lamblia?

A

Small intestine (Duodenum and jejunum)

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13
Q

MOT of G.lamblia?

A

Ingestion of infective cyst

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14
Q

Has a low infective dose

A

G. lamblia

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15
Q

Means even if you ingested a few ammount if cyst, you can get an infection

A

Low infective host

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15
Q

How many cyst you only need t ingest to get infected of G. lamblia?

A

approx. 8-10 cysts

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16
Q

Associated with the outbreaks of diarrhea, in daycare centers, nursing homes because it has a low infective host.

A

G. lamblia

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17
Q

What syndrome is G. lamblia associated with?

A

Gay Bowel Syndrome

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18
Q

Common among groups of people practicing certain sexual activities or oral; fecal activities?

A

G. lamblia

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19
Q

Giardia Lamblia: Life Cycle

A
  1. Ingestion of mature cyst
  2. Excystation in small intestine
  3. Trophozoite will undergo longitudinal binary fission
  4. Encystation
  5. Cyst will be released in stool (trophozoite if water/mucoid /diarrheic stool)
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20
Q

Infective stage of G. lamblia

A

cyst

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21
Q

Diagnostic stage of G. lamblia

A

Cyst and Trophozoite

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22
Q

Appearance of G. lamblia cyst

A

oval with clear outer wall

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23
Q

What do you call the clear outer wall of G. lamblia?

A

Hyaline cyst wall

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24
Q

How many nuclei does G.lamblias cyst have?

A

2 - 4

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25
Q

Inside the nucleus there is a large prominent karyosome.

A

G. lamblia cyst

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26
Q

Other structures present in G. lamblia

A
  • axoneme
  • parabasal (median) bodies
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27
Q

How may parabasal (median) bodies does G. lamblia cyst has?

A

2

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28
Q

Energizing structure of G. lamblia

A

Parabasal (median) bodies

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29
Q

Motility of G. lambli Trophozoite

A

Falling leaf

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29
Q

Shape of G. lamblia trophozoites

A
  • pear/pyriform shape
  • Billateraly symmetrical
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30
Q

Means it has 2 equal sides

A

Bilaterallly symmetrical

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31
Q

Appearance of G. lamblia trophozoite

A
  • Old Man’s face with glasses appearance
  • Slightly curved can be observed; spoon-like
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32
Q

Number of nuclei of G. lamblia trophozoites

A

2

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33
Q

What is present in both nuclei of G. lambli trophozoite?

A

karyosome

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34
Q

Stucture of G. lambia trophozoite for support and structure.

A

Axoneme

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35
Q

Appearance of median bodies in G. lamblia trophozoites

A

claw-hammer

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36
Q

How many flagellates does G. lamblia troph have?

A

8

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37
Q

location of flagellates in G. lamblia troph?

A

(2) ventral
(4) lateral
(2) caudal

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38
Q

A virulence factor that G.lamblia uses for attachment in small intestine.

A

Ventral sucking disk

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39
Q

How many Ventral sucking disk G. lamblia have?

A

2

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40
Q

Attachment of Ventral sucking disc to the lining of small intestine prevents ____________

A

absorption of nutrients
(malabsorption)

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41
Q

Where can you observe the motility of G. lambli troph?

A

NSS solution

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42
Q

The disease of Giardia lamblia:

A
  • Giardiasis
  • Traveller’s Diarrhea
  • Backpacker’s Diarrhea
  • Beaver Fever
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43
Q

Found in places where water is not properly sanitized

A

G. lamblia

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44
Q

What are the important reservoir host for G. lambli

A

Beavers

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45
Q

Incubation period of Giardiasis

A

1-4 weeks ( 9 days ave.)

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46
Q

After incubation period, patient will have:

A
  • explosive water diarrhea
  • abdominal pain
  • excessive flatus
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46
Q

If giardiasis is not treated, patient will develop _______________

A

Chronic diarrhea (chronic infection)

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47
Q

abundant fats in stool
due to malabsorption

A

Steatorrhea

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47
Q

Symptoms of chronic diarrhea

A

■ Recurrence of loose foul smelling
stools (ex. smells like rotten eggs)
■ Steatorrhea
■ Weight loss
■ Malaise
■ Low grade fever

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48
Q

G. lamblia will alter the mucosal lining because of:

A
  • Ventral Sucker Disk
  • Lectin
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48
Q

the main/major
virulence factor of G. lamblia

A

Ventral Sucker Disk

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49
Q

another factor; used also by G. lamblia for attachment

A

Lectin

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50
Q

G. lamblia will lead to:

A
  • Villous Flattening
  • Crypt Hypertrophy
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51
Q

means flattening of villi
which is important for absorption

A

Villous Flattening

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52
Q

Villous Flattening and Crypt
Hypertrophy will lead to

A

Malabsorption and
Maldigestion

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53
Q

The parasite can also hide or evade from the immune system/response by the use of _______

A

VSPs (Variant Surface Proteins)

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54
Q

Giardia Lamblia: Pathology

A
  • Low infective dose
  • Alteration of mucosal lining
  • Leads to Villous Flattening and Crypt Hypertrophy
  • Presence of VSP (Variant surface Proteins)
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55
Q

What kind of disease is Giargia Lamblia?

A

Zoonotic Disease

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56
Q

G. lamblia is prevalent among ________

A

Humans

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57
Q

Groups of G. lamblia present in humans

A

Assemblage A&B

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57
Q

What will you do to differentiate Assemblage A from B?

A

Molecular techniques

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58
Q

Manner of collection of specimen for G. lamblia diagnosis

A

collect at least 3 specimens on alternate day in a span of 10 days

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59
Q

Giargia Lamblia: Laboratory Diagnosis

A
  • DFS
  • Concentration techniques
  • Stained smears
  • Entero-test; Duodenal aspirates
  • Serology; Mechanical testing
  • Biopsy
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60
Q

For comfirmation

Giargia Lamblia: Laboratory Diagnosis

A

Permanent stain smear

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61
Q

Other name for Entero-test

A

Baele’s string test

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61
Q

In Entero-test how many hours will you wait after you swallow the capsule with a string

A

4 hours

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62
Q

If you have symptoms for G. lamblia but negative in test you doctor will request a ___________

A

Entero-test

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63
Q

Where is the loose-end of the string taped in entero-test?

A

cheek

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64
Q

In entero-test what indicates the capsule reach the intestines

A

green color of capsule

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65
Q

In entero-test, what will you do after pulling the capsule?

A

prepare a wet mount and look for trophozoites

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66
Q

For detection of antibodies

Giargia Lamblia: Laboratory Diagnosis

A

Serological testing

67
Q

Treatment for G. lamblia

A

Metronidazole

68
Q

G. lamblia cyst are resistant and cannot be killed by _________

A

ordinary chlorination

68
Q

Prevention and control for G. lamblia

A
  • wash hands
  • proper sanitation and hygine
  • Use clean water
  • Use Iodine to disinfect water
69
Q

Can be effective to disinfect water

A

Iodine

70
Q

Formerly classified as an ameba, but it is more closely related to flagellates

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

71
Q

Dientamoeba fraginalis is now ____________ because of the presence of pseudopodia in the trophozoite stage

A

Amoeboflagellate

72
Q

Has no visible flagella

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

73
Q

Habitat of DIentamoeba fragilis

A

colon

74
Q

MOT of Dientamoeba fragilis

A

Oral fecal route

75
Q

Infective Stage of Dientamoeba fragilis

A
  • trophozoite (common)
  • cyst
76
Q

The trophozoite of Dientamoeba fragilis is usually ingested together with ingestion of ___________________ or ____________

A
  • parasitic eggs
  • Helminth eggs
77
Q

Once Dientamoeba fragilis is ingested, it will undergo?

A

BInary fission

77
Q

It is postulated that people who acquire Dientamoeba also acquire _____ and even __________ because
the transmission occurs together with the ingestion of helminth eggs.

A
  • Ascaris
  • Enterobius
78
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis Trophozoites are found in the large intestine or colon and will then be seen in the _____.

A

faeces

78
Q

Number of Dientamoeba fragilis troph nuclei

A

2

79
Q

Appearance of Dientamoeba fragilis troph karyosome

A

rossette-like

79
Q

Appearance of Pseudopodia of D. fragilis troph

A
  • Angular, serrated
    (jagged;parang may ngipin)
  • lobed
80
Q

Movement of D. fragilis

A

Non-progressive

81
Q

symptoms

Dientamoeba fragilis: Disease Manifestation

A
  • intermittent diarrhea
  • abdominal pain
  • anorexia
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • fatigue
  • weight loss
  • Anal Pruritus
82
Q

Anal Itching

A

Anal Pruritus

83
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis: Laboratory Diagnosis

A
  • Stool Examination
  • Permanent stained smear
  • Serologic Testing
  • Molecular testing
84
Q

Prefered laboratory diagnosis for D. fragilis

A

Permanent stained smear

85
Q

Commensal parasite of the colon (large intestine)

A

Chilomastix mesnili

85
Q

This parasite is fragile and easily destroyed

A

D. Fragilis

86
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis: Treatment

A

Iodoquinol

87
Q

Worldwide distribution

A

Chilomastix mesnili

87
Q

Chilomastix mesnili: Life Cycle

A
  1. ingestion of cyst (contaminated food or water)
  2. Excystation in small intestine
  3. BInary fission in colon
  4. Trophozoite and cyst in stool
88
Q

Shape of Chilomastix mesnili cyst

A

Nipple shaped/lemon

88
Q

Extremely small parasite (10 um)

A

Chilomastix mesnili cyst

89
Q

The protruding structure in C. mesnili cyst

A

Hyaline Knob

89
Q

Max nucleus of C. mesnili cyst

A

1

90
Q

Structure of C. mesnili that resemebles “shepherd’s crook”

A

Cystosomal fibril

91
Q

Shape of C. mesnili Troph

A

Pear shaped/pyriform
asymmetrical

92
Q

How many flagella C. mesnili have?

A

4

93
Q

Location of flagella of C. mesnili

A
  • 3 anterior
  • 1 near cytosome
94
Q

Is considered the mouth of C. mesnili troph

A

Cytostome

95
Q

The cystosome of C. mesnili troph has a _______

A

Cytosomal fibril

96
Q

Can be found in the posterior of C. mesnili troph

A

Spiral groove

96
Q

Appearance of C. mesnili troph

A

twisted jaw

97
Q

Motility of C. mesnili troph

A

Boring/Rotary/Corkscrew Motility

98
Q

Habitat of Enteromonas hominis

A

Large intestin

99
Q

MOT of Enteromonas hominis

A

Ingestion of cyst

100
Q

Shape of Enteromonas hominis troph

A

oval

101
Q

Number of Enteromonas hominis flagella

A

4

101
Q

Max nuclei of Enteromonas hominis troph

A

1

102
Q

No cytosome present

A

Enteromonas hominis troph

102
Q

Flagella location of Enteromonas hominis

A
  • 3 anterior
  • 1 posterior
103
Q

Motility of Enteromonas hominis

A

Jerky

104
Q

Number of nuclei of Enteromonas cyst

A

2-4

105
Q

Location of Enteromonas hominis nucleus

A

opposite end of cyst

106
Q

Shape of Retortamonas intestinalis cyst cytosomal fibril

A

Bird’s beak

107
Q

Retortamonas intestinalis MOT

A

Ingestion of cyst

107
Q

Shape of Retortamonas intestinalis cyst

A

Pear-shaped
Slightly lemon shape

108
Q

Shape of Retortamonas intestinalis troph cytosome

A

cleft like

109
Q

Number of flagella in Retortamonas intestinalis

A

2

109
Q

Non-cyst flagellates:

A
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
  • Pentatrichomonas hominis
  • Trichomonas tenax
110
Q

Location of Retortamos intestinalis flagella

A
  • 1 anterior
  • 1 posterior
111
Q

Intestinal Flagelates:

A
  • Gardia lamblia
  • Dientamoeba fragilis
  • Chilomastix mesnili
  • Enteromonas hominis
  • Retortamonas intestinalis
111
Q

Trichonomas vaginalis can cause _________

A

Trichomoniasis
( an STI/STD)

111
Q

A pathogenic trichomonas

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

112
Q

Habitat for Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Urogenital region
- prostate gland (males)
- Vagina (females)

113
Q

MOT of Trichomonas vaginalis

A
  • Intimate contact
  • Infant delivery
  • Contaminated towels/underware
114
Q

Reproduction of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Longitudinal binary fission

115
Q

Number of T. vaginalis flagella

A

3-5

115
Q

In Trichomonas vaginalis, infant delivery may result to _________

A

Pneumonia

116
Q

Shape of T. vaginalis

A

Pear-shaped

116
Q

Max nucleus of T. vaginalis

A

1

117
Q

Does T. vaginalis have cytosome?

A

Yes

117
Q

Structure of T. vaginalis for support

A

Axostyle

118
Q

Wave-like structure of T. vaginalis. Assist in motility or parasite movement

A

Undulating membrane

119
Q

Consist the 1/2 of T. vaginalis body length

A

Undulating membrane

120
Q

Connecting the undulating membrane to the body of the T. vaginalis trophozoite

A

Costa

121
Q

Rib-like/rod-like structure of T. vaginalis

A

Costa

121
Q

It is only found in T. vaginalis

A

Siderophil granules

122
Q

Motility of T. vaginalis

A

Jerky tumbling motility

123
Q

Largest among the 3 species of Trichomonas

A

Trichonomas vaginalis

123
Q

Incubation period for T. vaginalis

A

4-28 days

124
Q

Disease Manifestations of T. vaginalis

A
  • vaginal pruritus
  • Mucopurulent Discharge
  • Dysuria
  • Atypical Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
  • Strawberry cervix
  • neonatal Pnuemonia
125
Q

Appearance of Mucopurulent

Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation

A

Frothy, yellow or green

125
Q
  • Painful Urination
  • lower abdominal pain

Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation

A

Dysuria

126
Q

Can lead to sterility in females

Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation

A

Atypical Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

126
Q

Cervix would be very red and would appear like seeds of strawberry

Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation

A

Strawberry cervix

127
Q

Disease manifestation of T. vaginalis in males

Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation

A
  • Asymptomatic (common)
  • Non-gonococcal urethritis, epidydymitis, and prostatitis
127
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology

A
  • Binding to vaginal epithelial cells
  • Immune evasion
  • Cysteine Proteinases
  • Cell detaching factor
  • Alkaline pH
128
Q

Binding to vaginal epithelial cells using enzymes
called ______

Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology

A

ADHESINS

128
Q

Surface coating with host proteins, shedding of parasite proteins

Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology

A

Immune evasion

129
Q

Causes the morphology of the epithelial cells to change

Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology

A

Cell detatching factor

129
Q

If the the pH is ___________ it will promote infection

Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology

A
129
Q

A cause of STD infections worldwide

A

T. vaginalis

130
Q

Only natural host of T. vaginalis

A

Humans

131
Q

T. vaginalis increase susceptibility of _________ due to inflammation

A

HIV

131
Q

T. vaginalis has a symbitiotic relationship with ___________

A

Mycoplasma hominis

132
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis: Laboratory Diagnosis

A
  • Wet mounts of Vaginal and urethral Discharge (urine)
  • Stained Smears (Giemsa or Pap’s)
  • Culture
  • Antigen Detection
  • Serology
  • Molecular Methods
133
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis: Treatment

A
  • Metronidazole
  • Tinidazole
133
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis: Prevention and Control

A
  • monogamous relationship
  • abstinence
133
Q

Culture

Trichomonas vaginalis: Laboratory Diagnosis

A
  • Diamond Modified Medium.
  • Feinberg Whittington
  • Cysteine Peptone Liver Maltose
  • Simplified Trypticase Serum Semen Culture
134
Q

The Gold Standard for Trichomonas
vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis: Laboratory Diagnosis

A

Culture

134
Q

○ More rapid result
○ Involves detection of the antigens of the
parasite

Trichomonas vaginalis: Laboratory Diagnosis

A

Antigen Detection

135
Q

related to Trichomonas vaginalis but is
non-pathogenic

A

Pentatrichomonas hominis

136
Q

Habitat of Pentatrichomonas hominis

A

colon

137
Q

Number of Pentatrichomonas hominis

A

3-5

138
Q

Size of P. hominis undulating membrane

A

Full body length

139
Q

Does Pentatrichomonas hominis have peripheral chromatin?

A

NO

140
Q

Movement of P. hominis

A

Jerky

141
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis
for P. hominis

A

Stool Examination

141
Q

Occurs mostly in children

A

Pentatrichomonas hominis

142
Q

Smallest among the 3 trichomonas

A

Trichomonas tenax

143
Q

Habitat of T. tenax

A

Mouth (Tartar of teeth)

144
Q

MOT of T. tenax

A

Direct contact or use of contaminated glass or dishes

145
Q

Specimen for T. tenax

A

Mouth scrapings

146
Q

Generally harmless, but there are reports of __________ and ____________ in
cancer patients or other lung diseases.

A
  • respiratory infections
  • thoracic abscesses
147
Q

Size of Undelating membrane of T. Tenax

A

2/3 of body length

148
Q

Motility of T. tenax

A

Jerky or tumbling

Parasitology lec (24 decks)

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