Flagellates Flashcards
What subphylum flagellates belong to?
Subphylum Mastigophora
Under Subphylum
Mastigophora
Class Zoomastigophora
What is under Class Zoomastigophora?
- Intestinal and Urogentinal Flagellates
- Hemoflagellates
Flagelates present in the blood, other bodily fluids and tissues
Hemoflagellates
Where can you find Trichomonas vaginalis?
Urogenital area
All flagellates inhabit the large intestine or colon except?
- Giardia lamblia
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Trichomonas tenax
Where can you find the Gargia Lamblia?
small intestine
Where can you find Trichomonas tenax?
mouth or oral cavity
All are commensals except?
- Giardia lamblia
- Dientamoeba fragilis
- Trichomonas vaginalis
All flagellates undergo encystation except?
Trichomonas spp.
Flagellates undergo asexual reproduction through _____________?
binary fission
Synonyms for Giardia lamblia
- Giardia duodenalis
- Giardia intestinalis
What is the final host of G. lamblia?
Man
Aside from humans, where can you find G. lamblia?
Animals (eg. beaver)
Habitat of G. lamblia?
Small intestine (Duodenum and jejunum)
MOT of G.lamblia?
Ingestion of infective cyst
Has a low infective dose
G. lamblia
Means even if you ingested a few ammount if cyst, you can get an infection
Low infective host
How many cyst you only need t ingest to get infected of G. lamblia?
approx. 8-10 cysts
Associated with the outbreaks of diarrhea, in daycare centers, nursing homes because it has a low infective host.
G. lamblia
What syndrome is G. lamblia associated with?
Gay Bowel Syndrome
Common among groups of people practicing certain sexual activities or oral; fecal activities?
G. lamblia
Giardia Lamblia: Life Cycle
- Ingestion of mature cyst
- Excystation in small intestine
- Trophozoite will undergo longitudinal binary fission
- Encystation
- Cyst will be released in stool (trophozoite if water/mucoid /diarrheic stool)
Infective stage of G. lamblia
cyst
Diagnostic stage of G. lamblia
Cyst and Trophozoite
Appearance of G. lamblia cyst
oval with clear outer wall
What do you call the clear outer wall of G. lamblia?
Hyaline cyst wall
How many nuclei does G.lamblias cyst have?
2 - 4
Inside the nucleus there is a large prominent karyosome.
G. lamblia cyst
Other structures present in G. lamblia
- axoneme
- parabasal (median) bodies
How may parabasal (median) bodies does G. lamblia cyst has?
2
Energizing structure of G. lamblia
Parabasal (median) bodies
Motility of G. lambli Trophozoite
Falling leaf
Shape of G. lamblia trophozoites
- pear/pyriform shape
- Billateraly symmetrical
Means it has 2 equal sides
Bilaterallly symmetrical
Appearance of G. lamblia trophozoite
- Old Man’s face with glasses appearance
- Slightly curved can be observed; spoon-like
Number of nuclei of G. lamblia trophozoites
2
What is present in both nuclei of G. lambli trophozoite?
karyosome
Stucture of G. lambia trophozoite for support and structure.
Axoneme
Appearance of median bodies in G. lamblia trophozoites
claw-hammer
How many flagellates does G. lamblia troph have?
8
location of flagellates in G. lamblia troph?
(2) ventral
(4) lateral
(2) caudal
A virulence factor that G.lamblia uses for attachment in small intestine.
Ventral sucking disk
How many Ventral sucking disk G. lamblia have?
2
Attachment of Ventral sucking disc to the lining of small intestine prevents ____________
absorption of nutrients
(malabsorption)
Where can you observe the motility of G. lambli troph?
NSS solution
The disease of Giardia lamblia:
- Giardiasis
- Traveller’s Diarrhea
- Backpacker’s Diarrhea
- Beaver Fever
Found in places where water is not properly sanitized
G. lamblia
What are the important reservoir host for G. lambli
Beavers
Incubation period of Giardiasis
1-4 weeks ( 9 days ave.)
After incubation period, patient will have:
- explosive water diarrhea
- abdominal pain
- excessive flatus
If giardiasis is not treated, patient will develop _______________
Chronic diarrhea (chronic infection)
abundant fats in stool
due to malabsorption
Steatorrhea
Symptoms of chronic diarrhea
■ Recurrence of loose foul smelling
stools (ex. smells like rotten eggs)
■ Steatorrhea
■ Weight loss
■ Malaise
■ Low grade fever
G. lamblia will alter the mucosal lining because of:
- Ventral Sucker Disk
- Lectin
the main/major
virulence factor of G. lamblia
Ventral Sucker Disk
another factor; used also by G. lamblia for attachment
Lectin
G. lamblia will lead to:
- Villous Flattening
- Crypt Hypertrophy
means flattening of villi
which is important for absorption
Villous Flattening
Villous Flattening and Crypt
Hypertrophy will lead to
Malabsorption and
Maldigestion
The parasite can also hide or evade from the immune system/response by the use of _______
VSPs (Variant Surface Proteins)
Giardia Lamblia: Pathology
- Low infective dose
- Alteration of mucosal lining
- Leads to Villous Flattening and Crypt Hypertrophy
- Presence of VSP (Variant surface Proteins)
What kind of disease is Giargia Lamblia?
Zoonotic Disease
G. lamblia is prevalent among ________
Humans
Groups of G. lamblia present in humans
Assemblage A&B
What will you do to differentiate Assemblage A from B?
Molecular techniques
Manner of collection of specimen for G. lamblia diagnosis
collect at least 3 specimens on alternate day in a span of 10 days
Giargia Lamblia: Laboratory Diagnosis
- DFS
- Concentration techniques
- Stained smears
- Entero-test; Duodenal aspirates
- Serology; Mechanical testing
- Biopsy
For comfirmation
Giargia Lamblia: Laboratory Diagnosis
Permanent stain smear
Other name for Entero-test
Baele’s string test
In Entero-test how many hours will you wait after you swallow the capsule with a string
4 hours
If you have symptoms for G. lamblia but negative in test you doctor will request a ___________
Entero-test
Where is the loose-end of the string taped in entero-test?
cheek
In entero-test what indicates the capsule reach the intestines
green color of capsule
In entero-test, what will you do after pulling the capsule?
prepare a wet mount and look for trophozoites
For detection of antibodies
Giargia Lamblia: Laboratory Diagnosis
Serological testing
Treatment for G. lamblia
Metronidazole
G. lamblia cyst are resistant and cannot be killed by _________
ordinary chlorination
Prevention and control for G. lamblia
- wash hands
- proper sanitation and hygine
- Use clean water
- Use Iodine to disinfect water
Can be effective to disinfect water
Iodine
Formerly classified as an ameba, but it is more closely related to flagellates
Dientamoeba fragilis
Dientamoeba fraginalis is now ____________ because of the presence of pseudopodia in the trophozoite stage
Amoeboflagellate
Has no visible flagella
Dientamoeba fragilis
Habitat of DIentamoeba fragilis
colon
MOT of Dientamoeba fragilis
Oral fecal route
Infective Stage of Dientamoeba fragilis
- trophozoite (common)
- cyst
The trophozoite of Dientamoeba fragilis is usually ingested together with ingestion of ___________________ or ____________
- parasitic eggs
- Helminth eggs
Once Dientamoeba fragilis is ingested, it will undergo?
BInary fission
It is postulated that people who acquire Dientamoeba also acquire _____ and even __________ because
the transmission occurs together with the ingestion of helminth eggs.
- Ascaris
- Enterobius
Dientamoeba fragilis Trophozoites are found in the large intestine or colon and will then be seen in the _____.
faeces
Number of Dientamoeba fragilis troph nuclei
2
Appearance of Dientamoeba fragilis troph karyosome
rossette-like
Appearance of Pseudopodia of D. fragilis troph
- Angular, serrated
(jagged;parang may ngipin) - lobed
Movement of D. fragilis
Non-progressive
symptoms
Dientamoeba fragilis: Disease Manifestation
- intermittent diarrhea
- abdominal pain
- anorexia
- nausea
- vomiting
- fatigue
- weight loss
- Anal Pruritus
Anal Itching
Anal Pruritus
Dientamoeba fragilis: Laboratory Diagnosis
- Stool Examination
- Permanent stained smear
- Serologic Testing
- Molecular testing
Prefered laboratory diagnosis for D. fragilis
Permanent stained smear
Commensal parasite of the colon (large intestine)
Chilomastix mesnili
This parasite is fragile and easily destroyed
D. Fragilis
Dientamoeba fragilis: Treatment
Iodoquinol
Worldwide distribution
Chilomastix mesnili
Chilomastix mesnili: Life Cycle
- ingestion of cyst (contaminated food or water)
- Excystation in small intestine
- BInary fission in colon
- Trophozoite and cyst in stool
Shape of Chilomastix mesnili cyst
Nipple shaped/lemon
Extremely small parasite (10 um)
Chilomastix mesnili cyst
The protruding structure in C. mesnili cyst
Hyaline Knob
Max nucleus of C. mesnili cyst
1
Structure of C. mesnili that resemebles “shepherd’s crook”
Cystosomal fibril
Shape of C. mesnili Troph
Pear shaped/pyriform
asymmetrical
How many flagella C. mesnili have?
4
Location of flagella of C. mesnili
- 3 anterior
- 1 near cytosome
Is considered the mouth of C. mesnili troph
Cytostome
The cystosome of C. mesnili troph has a _______
Cytosomal fibril
Can be found in the posterior of C. mesnili troph
Spiral groove
Appearance of C. mesnili troph
twisted jaw
Motility of C. mesnili troph
Boring/Rotary/Corkscrew Motility
Habitat of Enteromonas hominis
Large intestin
MOT of Enteromonas hominis
Ingestion of cyst
Shape of Enteromonas hominis troph
oval
Number of Enteromonas hominis flagella
4
Max nuclei of Enteromonas hominis troph
1
No cytosome present
Enteromonas hominis troph
Flagella location of Enteromonas hominis
- 3 anterior
- 1 posterior
Motility of Enteromonas hominis
Jerky
Number of nuclei of Enteromonas cyst
2-4
Location of Enteromonas hominis nucleus
opposite end of cyst
Shape of Retortamonas intestinalis cyst cytosomal fibril
Bird’s beak
Retortamonas intestinalis MOT
Ingestion of cyst
Shape of Retortamonas intestinalis cyst
Pear-shaped
Slightly lemon shape
Shape of Retortamonas intestinalis troph cytosome
cleft like
Number of flagella in Retortamonas intestinalis
2
Non-cyst flagellates:
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Pentatrichomonas hominis
- Trichomonas tenax
Location of Retortamos intestinalis flagella
- 1 anterior
- 1 posterior
Intestinal Flagelates:
- Gardia lamblia
- Dientamoeba fragilis
- Chilomastix mesnili
- Enteromonas hominis
- Retortamonas intestinalis
Trichonomas vaginalis can cause _________
Trichomoniasis
( an STI/STD)
A pathogenic trichomonas
Trichomonas vaginalis
Habitat for Trichomonas vaginalis
Urogenital region
- prostate gland (males)
- Vagina (females)
MOT of Trichomonas vaginalis
- Intimate contact
- Infant delivery
- Contaminated towels/underware
Reproduction of Trichomonas vaginalis
Longitudinal binary fission
Number of T. vaginalis flagella
3-5
In Trichomonas vaginalis, infant delivery may result to _________
Pneumonia
Shape of T. vaginalis
Pear-shaped
Max nucleus of T. vaginalis
1
Does T. vaginalis have cytosome?
Yes
Structure of T. vaginalis for support
Axostyle
Wave-like structure of T. vaginalis. Assist in motility or parasite movement
Undulating membrane
Consist the 1/2 of T. vaginalis body length
Undulating membrane
Connecting the undulating membrane to the body of the T. vaginalis trophozoite
Costa
Rib-like/rod-like structure of T. vaginalis
Costa
It is only found in T. vaginalis
Siderophil granules
Motility of T. vaginalis
Jerky tumbling motility
Largest among the 3 species of Trichomonas
Trichonomas vaginalis
Incubation period for T. vaginalis
4-28 days
Disease Manifestations of T. vaginalis
- vaginal pruritus
- Mucopurulent Discharge
- Dysuria
- Atypical Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- Strawberry cervix
- neonatal Pnuemonia
Appearance of Mucopurulent
Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation
Frothy, yellow or green
- Painful Urination
- lower abdominal pain
Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation
Dysuria
Can lead to sterility in females
Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation
Atypical Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Cervix would be very red and would appear like seeds of strawberry
Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation
Strawberry cervix
Disease manifestation of T. vaginalis in males
Trichomonas vaginalis: Disease Manifestation
- Asymptomatic (common)
- Non-gonococcal urethritis, epidydymitis, and prostatitis
Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology
- Binding to vaginal epithelial cells
- Immune evasion
- Cysteine Proteinases
- Cell detaching factor
- Alkaline pH
Binding to vaginal epithelial cells using enzymes
called ______
Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology
ADHESINS
Surface coating with host proteins, shedding of parasite proteins
Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology
Immune evasion
Causes the morphology of the epithelial cells to change
Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology
Cell detatching factor
If the the pH is ___________ it will promote infection
Trichomonas vaginalis: Pathology
A cause of STD infections worldwide
T. vaginalis
Only natural host of T. vaginalis
Humans
T. vaginalis increase susceptibility of _________ due to inflammation
HIV
T. vaginalis has a symbitiotic relationship with ___________
Mycoplasma hominis
Trichomonas vaginalis: Laboratory Diagnosis
- Wet mounts of Vaginal and urethral Discharge (urine)
- Stained Smears (Giemsa or Pap’s)
- Culture
- Antigen Detection
- Serology
- Molecular Methods
Trichomonas vaginalis: Treatment
- Metronidazole
- Tinidazole
Trichomonas vaginalis: Prevention and Control
- monogamous relationship
- abstinence
Culture
Trichomonas vaginalis: Laboratory Diagnosis
- Diamond Modified Medium.
- Feinberg Whittington
- Cysteine Peptone Liver Maltose
- Simplified Trypticase Serum Semen Culture
The Gold Standard for Trichomonas
vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis: Laboratory Diagnosis
Culture
○ More rapid result
○ Involves detection of the antigens of the
parasite
Trichomonas vaginalis: Laboratory Diagnosis
Antigen Detection
related to Trichomonas vaginalis but is
non-pathogenic
Pentatrichomonas hominis
Habitat of Pentatrichomonas hominis
colon
Number of Pentatrichomonas hominis
3-5
Size of P. hominis undulating membrane
Full body length
Does Pentatrichomonas hominis have peripheral chromatin?
NO
Movement of P. hominis
Jerky
Laboratory Diagnosis
for P. hominis
Stool Examination
Occurs mostly in children
Pentatrichomonas hominis
Smallest among the 3 trichomonas
Trichomonas tenax
Habitat of T. tenax
Mouth (Tartar of teeth)
MOT of T. tenax
Direct contact or use of contaminated glass or dishes
Specimen for T. tenax
Mouth scrapings
Generally harmless, but there are reports of __________ and ____________ in
cancer patients or other lung diseases.
- respiratory infections
- thoracic abscesses
Size of Undelating membrane of T. Tenax
2/3 of body length
Motility of T. tenax
Jerky or tumbling
