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Parasitology lec > Hemoflagellates > Flashcards

Hemoflagellates Flashcards

1
Q

Flagellates that are found in the blood and other fluids (CSF) and in tissues

A

Hemoflagellates

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2
Q

They are vector-borne parasites

A

Hemoflagellates

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3
Q

Hemoflagellates

Another important note, they are transmitted by the bite of the ______.

A

arthopod

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4
Q

Hemoflagellates

Medically Important Genera

A

● Trypanosoma
● Leishmania

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5
Q

Generalities

Only Trypanosoma and Leishmania infect ________

A

humans

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6
Q

Generalities

There are four morphological forms encountered in the life cycle of Hemoflagellates:

A

■ Amastigote
■ Promastigote
■ Epimastigote
■ Trypomastigote

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7
Q

Generalities

What would be the basis of differentiating the four morphologic forms?

A
  1. location of the nucleus.
  2. location of the kinetoplast
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8
Q

Generalities

the energizing structure of the parasite

A

kinetoplast

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9
Q

four morphological forms

Amastigote is also know as

A

Donovan Leishman Body

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10
Q

four morphological forms

This would appear as a round to oval structure

A

Amastigote

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11
Q

four morphological forms

Aside from being round to oval in shape, the amastigote would have no _______

A

flagella

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12
Q

four morphological forms

Another feature of the parasite, this would be found inside the cell, an intracellular form

A

Amastigote

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13
Q

four morphological forms

The kinetoplast is adjacent or near your basal body.

A

Amastigote

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14
Q

four morphological forms

Also known as

Promastigote

A

Leptomonas Stage

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15
Q

four morphological forms

long and slender, and it would
already have a flagella, in the anterior part.

A

Promastigote

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16
Q

four morphological forms

The nucleus will be found in the center of the parasite

A

Promastigote

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17
Q

four morphological forms

kinetooplast is found
anterior (nasa harap) to your nucleus

A

Promastigote

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18
Q

four morphological forms

also known as

Epimastigote

A

Crithidia Stage

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19
Q

four morphological forms

Nucleus is more posterior when compared to the promastigote

A

Epimastigote

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20
Q

four morphological forms

kinteoplast is found anterior to the nucleus. But the kinetoplast is more adjacent to the nucleus

A

Epimastigote

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21
Q

four morphological forms

presence
of the undulating membrane (one half (1/2) the body length)

A

Epimastigote

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22
Q

four morphological forms

helping in the
motility of the parasite.

A

undulating
membrane

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23
Q

four morphological forms

It is also long or elongated, but if you would notice, the shape would look like S, C, or U shaped

A

Trypomastigote

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24
Q

four morphological forms

the location of the nucleus, would be found more anterior than the kinetoplast

A

Trypomastigote

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25
Q

four morphological forms

undulating membrane is also found here, but is
now full body length

A

Trypomastigote

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26
Q

four morphological forms

Another unique feature would be the granules found in your trypomastigote, called the

Trypomastigote

A

volutin granules

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27
Q

Other Present Generalities: Life Cycle

All forms are found in __________ infections

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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28
Q

Other Present Generalities: Life Cycle

Only the _________ and _______ are seen in
Tryanosoma brucei infections

A

epimastigote and trypomastigote

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29
Q

Other Present Generalities: Life Cycle

seen in the insect vector of Trypanosoma brucei

A

Epimastigote

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30
Q

Other Present Generalities: Life Cycle

found in the
humans in Tryanosoma brucei infections.

A

trypomastigote

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31
Q

Other Present Generalities: Life Cycle

Only the _________ and ___________ are seen in Leishmania infections

A

amastigote and promastigote

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32
Q

Other Present Generalities: Life Cycle

seen in the insect vector of Leishmania

A

Promastigote

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33
Q

Other Present Generalities: Life Cycle

will be found in humans in Leishmania infections

A

amastigote

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34
Q

Other Present Generalities: Life Cycle

Diagnostic Stages (found in humans) include:

A
  • amastigote
  • trypomastigote
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35
Q

Other Present Generalities: Life Cycle

For Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei, the infective stage of these two would be the __________.

A

metacyclic trypomastigote

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36
Q

Other Present Generalities: Life Cycle

On the other hand, for the members of Leishmania, the infective stage would be the
_________.

A

promastigote

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37
Q

Other Present Generalities: Life Cycle

Final host

A

humans

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38
Q

Other Present Generalities: Life Cycle

intermediate host

A

insect vector

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39
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

Belongs to Trypanosome Group:

A

Stercoraria

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40
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

Primarily Infects:

A

Myocytes and cells of RESs

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41
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

RES meaning

A

reticulo-endothelial system

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42
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

reticulo-endothelial system:

A
  • spleen
  • lymph node
  • immune cells
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43
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

causes

A

Chagas’ Disease or
American Trypanosomiasis

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44
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

Majority of cases are found in

A

South America
(Brazil)

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45
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Triatomine Bug other names:

Triatomine Bug to Human transmission

A

Kissing Bug,
Reduviid Bug, and Assassin Bug

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46
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Usually the ____ triatomine bug bites
humans to take a blood meal

Triatomine Bug to Human transmission

A

female

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47
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Usually occurs during the ____

Triatomine Bug to Human transmission

A

night

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48
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Prefer biting near the _________

Triatomine Bug to Human transmission

A

mucosal membrane

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49
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

After the triatomine bug is full from feeding on the blood, it will ______

Triatomine Bug to Human transmission

A

defecate

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50
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Infective stage of the parasite is found in the
_____ of the kissing bug

Triatomine Bug to Human transmission

A

feces

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51
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

__________ will penetrate cells at the bite site and will transform into
amastigotes

Human Stages

A

Metacyclic trypomastigotes

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52
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Amastigotes multiply by ________

Human Stages

A

binary fission

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53
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Some amastigotes will be released and will transform into _________ (found extracellularly); some are released in the ______

Human Stages

A
  • trypomastigotes
  • blood
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54
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Repeating cycle inside the body:

Human Stages

A
  1. Amastigotes multiply
  2. Intracellular amastigotes transform into trypomastigotes, then burst out of the cell and enter the blood stream (Diagnostic Stage)
  3. Trypomastigotes can infect other cells and transform into intracellular amastigotes in new infection sites
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55
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Another kissing bug will bite the infected person and will get the ______

Triatomine Bug Stages

A

trypomastigote

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56
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Once ingested, it transforms into an _______ in the midgut or GI track

Triatomine Bug Stages

A

epimastigote

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57
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Epimastigote will multiply by _________

Triatomine Bug Stages

A

asexual
reproduction

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58
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Eventually, this epimastigote will become a _________ found in the hindgut

Triatomine Bug Stages

A

metacyclic trypomastigote

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59
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

is found on the posterior part of the kissing bug

Triatomine Bug Stages

A

Hindgut

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60
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

It would then be released in the ________ after the blood meal of the kissing bug

Triatomine Bug Stages

A

feces

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61
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Final host

A

humans

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62
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Intermediate host vector

A

Reduviid bug/ kissing bug

(Triatoma, Panstronglylus, Rhodnius)

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63
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

MOT

A
  • Feces of vector entering bite wound
  • blood transfusion
  • organ transplants
  • transplacentally
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64
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Unknowingly, organs transplanted may have
________ that will multiply and release trypomastigote which will start the life cycle on the person

A

amastigotes

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65
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Infective stage to humans

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote

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66
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Diagnostic stage

A
  • trypomastigote (found in the blood)
  • amastigote (inside the cells and tissue)
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67
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Life Cycle

Amastigotes inside tissues in the _____
phase of the illness

A

chronic

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68
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Acute Phase

A
  • fever and lymphadenopathy
  • diffuse inflammation
  • malaise
  • nausea
  • vomiting
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69
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

local inflammation; reddish
nodule; central edema, regions;
lymphadenopathy

Acute Phase

A

Chagoma

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70
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

periorbital swelling (edema
of eyelid and conjunctiva); periorbital swelling (swelling is usually on one side)

Acute Phase

A

Romana’s sign

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71
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

After the acute stage is the ________, wherein all of the symptoms and manifestation seen will eventually disappear
but the parasite is still present.

A

latent stage

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72
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

no characteristic symptoms

A

Chronic Phase

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73
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

20 years or more, the patient will proceed to the chronic phase, wherein there is an ________ of different vital organs due to
the multiplying amastigotes found inside the different tissues

Chronic Phase

A

enlargement

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74
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Manifestations of Chronic Phase

A

■ Mega esophagus, mega colon,
cardiomegaly, cardiac arrhythmia
■ Can lead to death; very common cause of death is heart problems
■ In South America, a common cause of cardiac arrhythmia and abnormal ECG results would be the T. cruzi

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75
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Direct inflammatory response:

Pathogenesis

A

■ Chaga-toxin
■ Damage to infected cells
■ Destruction of autonomic nerve
ganglions

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76
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Uses ____ like carbohydrates for binding

Pathogenesis

A

lectin

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76
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Acute _______ reaction on bite

Pathogenesis

A

inflammatory

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77
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Target cells:

Pathogenesis

A
  • cells of RES
  • cardiac cells
  • skeletal and smooth muscles
  • neuroglia cells
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78
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Trypanosoma cruzi: Diagnosis

A

● Presence of Lesions
● Cardiac symptoms a
● Presence of Trypomastigote (Acute phase)
● Demonstration of trypanosomes

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78
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Demonstration of trypanosomes in blood

A

thick and thin smears

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78
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Demonstration of trypanosomes in buffy coat

A

concentration technique (Strout Method)

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79
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Demonstration of trypanosomes in CSF, tissues

A

Tissue and biopsy samples

You will find amastigotes (chronic stage)

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80
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Demonstration of trypanosomes in:

A
  • blood
  • Buffy coat layer
  • CSF, tissues
  • lymph
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81
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Involves a suspected patient

A

Xenodiagnosis

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81
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Culture:

A

■ Chang’s
■ NNN (Novy MacNeal Nicolle)

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82
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Serology

A
  • IFAT
  • Complement Fixation
  • ELISA
  • Western Blot
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82
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

IFAT meaning

A

Immunofluorescence Antibody Test

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83
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

detection of
complement fixing antibodies.

A

Complement Fixation

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84
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

ELISA meaning

A

Enzyme-linked immunoassay

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84
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Complement fixation test used in T.cruzi

A

Guerreiro Machado Test

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85
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Epidemiology

Occurs only in the ______ continent

A

American

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86
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Epidemiology

Highest prevalence in

A

Brazil

86
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Epidemiology

More common in _____ areas

A

rural

87
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Epidemiology

_________ disease is more common

A

Chronic

88
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

A kissing bug is placed on the skin of the patient, covered in a _________, for the bug to bite the skin

Xenodiagnosis

A

copper container

89
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

If a parasite develops in the kissing bug after a few months, a patient is positive for the
infection

A

Xenodiagnosis

90
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Epidemiology

Common in _______ housing conditions

A

unsanitary

90
Q

Another cause of American Trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma rangeli

91
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: Treatment

A

Nifurtimox and Benznidazole

92
Q

Trypanosoma rangeli

Vector

A

Rhodnius

93
Q

Trypanosoma brucei complex

Etiologic Agents of African Sleeping Sickness

A
  • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
  • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
93
Q

Etiologic Agents of African Sleeping Sickness

Causes Rhodesian or East African Sleeping
Sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

94
Q

Etiologic Agents of African Sleeping Sickness

Endemic (local transmission) in East and South Africa

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

95
Q

Etiologic Agents of African Sleeping Sickness

is more acute; rapidly progressing; patient is usually in the sleeping phase in less than 9 months

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

95
Q

Etiologic Agents of African Sleeping Sickness

Causes Gambian or West African Sleeping
Sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

96
Q

Etiologic Agents of African Sleeping Sickness

is more chronic; longer
progression; more common and prevalent

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

97
Q

Etiologic Agents of African Sleeping Sickness

primarily affects wild and
domestic animals; current research shows that it does
not cause disease/s in humans

A

T. brucei brucei

97
Q

Vector Transmitted Parasitic Infections T. brucei

Vector of T. Brucei

A

Tsetse Fly (Glossina spp.)

98
Q

Vector Transmitted Parasitic Infections T. brucei

T. b. rhodesiense Glossina spp

A
  • G. pallidipes
  • G. morsitans
99
Q

Trypanosoma rangeli

Difference: Metacyclic Trypomastigote is discharged
via the _________

A

salivary glands

100
Q

Trypanosoma rangeli

Is Trypanosoma rangeli pathogenic?

A

No

101
Q

Vector Transmitted Parasitic Infections T. brucei

T. b. gambiens Glossina spp

A

G. palparis

101
Q

Vector Transmitted Parasitic Infections T. brucei

Infective stage to humans

A

Metacyclic Trypomastigote

102
Q

T. brucei: Life Cycle

Humans get the infection when they are bitten by the Tsetse Fly. The fly takes a blood meal while simultaneously injecting __________

A

metacyclic trypomastigotes

102
Q

T. brucei: Life Cycle

The injected metacyclic trypomastigote becomes a
_________, which will be distributed to other sites of the body

A

trypomastigote

103
Q

T. brucei: Life Cycle

The procyclic trypomastigote will then become an _________.

A

epimastigote

103
Q

T. brucei: Life Cycle

The epimastigotes then travel to the salivary glands to multiply and to eventually become _____________.

A

metacyclic trypomastigotes

103
Q

T. brucei: Life Cycle

Infective stage to humans

A

metacyclic
trypomastigotes

104
Q

T. brucei: Life Cycle

Diagnostic stage

A

presence of trypomastigote

104
Q

T. brucei: Life Cycle

What form is found in the insect

A

Epimastigote

105
Q

T. brucei: Life Cycle

What form is in the
mammalian host

A

Trypomastigote

105
Q

T. brucei: Life Cycle

Usually if trypomastigote is found in the blood, it’s _________ stage of the illness

A

acute or early

106
Q

T. brucei: Life Cycle

In order for the life cycle to continue, another Tsetse fly will bite the infected patient. The fly would then get the _________

A

trypomastigote

106
Q

T. brucei: Life Cycle

The ________ will multiply by binary fission and can be found in different body fluids such as the blood, lymph/lymph nodes, and spinal fluid/CSF.

A

trypomastigotes

107
Q

T. brucei: Life Cycle

Inside the G.I. Tract of the Tsetse fly, the trypomastigote will become __________, wherein these will also undergo binary fission to multiply

A

procyclic trypomastigotes

108
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

painful ulceration

Sickness

Gambian or West African Sleeping

A

Trypanosomal Chancre

108
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Earliest sign :

Sickness

Gambian or West African Sleeping

A

Trypanosomal Chancre

109
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Patients still appear ______

Trypanosomal Chancre

A

healthy

110
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Blood smear :

Trypanosomal Chancre

A

(+) Trypomastigotes

111
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

It can last for weeks or months, the parasite would eventually affect the _________

Trypanosomal Chancre

A

central nervous system

112
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Patients experience fever once the _______ are affected. Other manifestations include malaise, weakness, night sweats, dizziness, and nausea.

Trypanosomal Chancre

A

lymph nodes

113
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Occurs when there is enlargement
of cervical lymph node

Gambian or West African Sleeping

A

Winterbottom’s sign

113
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

cervical lymph node size

Winterbottom’s sign

A

“Ripe plum”

114
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Can find the trypomastigotes in the _______

Winterbottom’s sign

A

lymph or lymphatic fluid

115
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Chronic Disease

Gambian or West African Sleeping

A

■ CNS invasion
■ Sleeping sickness stage initiated
■ Terminal Phase

115
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Chronic Disease Signs and symptoms:

Gambian or West African Sleeping

A
  • severe headache
  • increasing mental deterioration and apathy
  • meningoencephalitis
116
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Delayed
sensation to pain

Chronic Disease of Gambian or West African Sleeping

A

Kerandel’s sign

116
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Some would have Kernig
sign

Gambian or West African Sleeping

A

Chronic Disease

117
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Terminal Phase:

Gambian or West African Sleeping

A

Coma leading to
death

118
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

appropriate specimen
for diagnosis in chronic disease

Gambian or West African Sleeping

A

CSF

118
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Causes Rhodesian and East African
Sleeping Sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

118
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Similar to Gambian Sleeping Sickness but _______ and ________

Sleeping Sickness

Rhodesian and East African

A

acute and rapidly progressing

119
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Less than ___ months, the patient will progress to sleeping sickness stage

Sleeping Sickness

Rhodesian and East African

A

9

119
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

____ stage takes place in the early stages

Rhodesian and East African Sleeping Sickness

A

CNS

120
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Inflammation of the
glomerulus

Sleeping Sickness

Rhodesian and East African

A

Glomerulonephritis

121
Q

Pathogenesis for T. brucei

A
  • Generalized lymphoid hyperplasia
  • Anemia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Hypergammaglobulinemia
  • Immune Evasion
  • Acute infection
  • Chronic infection
121
Q

Pathogenesis: T. brucei

Low hemoglobin and rbc count

A

Anemia

122
Q

T. brucei: Life Cycle

Presence of it in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), would
indicate the patient to be in _______

A

“Sleeping phase”

123
Q

Disease Manifestation: T.brucei

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes

A

Gambian or West African Sleeping Sickness

124
Q

Pathogenesis: T. brucei

Increase amounts of antibodies (IgM) in the
blood and CSF

A

Hypergammaglobulinemia

125
Q

Pathogenesis: T. brucei

Immune Evasion through :

A

Variant surface
glycoproteins

125
Q

Diagnosis: T.brucei

A
  • Physical Findings and Patient HIstory
  • Demonstration of Trypomastigotes in Blood, CSF,
    Lymph Node Aspirate
  • Concentration of Buffy Coat
  • Serology
  • Molecular Methods
  • Animal Inoculation and Culture
126
Q

Diagnosis: T.brucei

stain for Concentration of Buffy Coat

A

Giemsa Stain

126
Q

Diagnosis: T.brucei

Serology:

A

IHAT, ELISA, Rapid Tests

127
Q

Pathogenesis: T. brucei

Decrease in platelets

A

Thrombocytopenia

128
Q

Clinical Findings: T.brucei

A
  • In-vitro autoagglutination in blood
  • Elevated serum and CSF igM
  • Mott Cells in CSF
129
Q

Clinical Findings: T.brucei

High IgM antibodies due to parasite producing __________

A

variable antigen types

130
Q

Gambian or Rhodesian

No animal reservoirs

Reservoir host

A

West African/Gambian sleeping sickness

131
Q

Gambian or Rhodesian

Chronic

Illness

A

West African/Gambian sleeping sickness

131
Q

Gambian or Rhodesian

Animals (wild game animals, domestic animal such as sheep and ox)

Reservoir host

A

East African/Rhodesian sleeping sickness

131
Q

Gambian or Rhodesian

Low

Parasitemia

A

West African/Gambian sleeping sickness

132
Q

Gambian or Rhodesian

Prominent

Lymphadenopathy

A

West African/Gambian sleeping sickness

133
Q

Gambian or Rhodesian

Anthroponosis, rural population

Epidemiology

A

West African/Gambian sleeping sickness

134
Q

Gambian or Rhodesian

Acute (<9months)

illness

A

East african/Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness

135
Q

Gambian or Rhodesian

High

Parasitemia

A

East african/Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness

135
Q

Gambian or Rhodesian

Minimal

Lymphadenopathy

A

East african/Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness

136
Q

Gambian or Rhodesian

Anthropozoonosis, game parks

Epidemiology

A

East african/Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness

137
Q

Epidemiology of T. brucei

Vectors inhabit areas near _______ and ________

A

river banks and streams

138
Q

Epidemiology of T. brucei

Low Prevalence Rate

What percent?

A

(<1%)

139
Q

Treatment for T. brucei

Better prognosis if treatment started before ____

A

CNS stage

139
Q

Epidemiology of T. brucei

________ transmission is possible

A

Congenital

140
Q

Treatment for T. brucei

blood and lymphatic
stage

A
  • Pentamidine
  • Suramin
140
Q

Treatment for T. brucei

late stage

A

Melarsoprol

141
Q

Leishmania

Vector

A

Sandflies
(Phlebotomus spp.)

142
Q

Phlebotomus spp.:

A
  • Lutzomyia
  • Psychodopygus
143
Q

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

A

Leishmania

144
Q

Leishmania

Primarily a _____ disease

A

zoonotic

144
Q

Overview of the Life Cycle: Leishmania

Sandfly take a blood meal (injects _________ stage into the skin)

A

promastigote

144
Q

Overview of the Life Cycle: Leishmania

Promastigotes are phagocytized by _____

A

macrophages

145
Q

Overview of the Life Cycle: Leishmania

Promastigotes transform into _____ inside
macrophages.

A

amastigotes

146
Q

Overview of the Life Cycle: Leishmania

______ multiply in cells (including macrophages)
of various tissues

A

Amastigotes

146
Q

Overview of the Life Cycle: Leishmania

Sandfly takes a blood meal (ingests ________
infected with amastigotes)

A

macrophages

147
Q

Overview of the Life Cycle: Leishmania

Amastigotes transform into _______ stage in midgut

A

promastigote

148
Q

Overview of the Life Cycle: Leishmania

Found inside the tissue macrophages

A

Amastigotes

149
Q

Morphology: Leishmania

seen in the mammalian host

A

Amastigote

(Leishmania)

149
Q

Overview of the Life Cycle: Leishmania

_________ divide in midgut and migrate to proboscis

A

Promastigotes

150
Q

Morphology: Leishmania

seen in sand fly

A

Promastigote

Leptomonad

151
Q

Morphology: Leishmania

Other MOT

A
  • Blood Transfusion
  • Contact
  • Contamination of Bite Wounds
152
Q

Morphology: Leishmania

Target Cells

A

RE cells

152
Q

Morphology: Leishmania

Infective Stage

A

Promastigote

153
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis other names:

A
  • Old World Leishmaniasis
  • Aleppo Button
  • Delhi Boil
  • Baghdad Boil
  • Jericho Boil
154
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Etiology:

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania tropica

154
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Incubation Period:

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Weeks to Months

155
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Disease Manifestation:

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Elevated Skin Ulcers (Painless)

156
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

The parasite lives in the _______ cells in
the skin capillaries.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

endophilia

157
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Etiologic Agent

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania braziliensis

157
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis other names

A
  • American
  • New World
    Leishmaniasis
158
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Incubation

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Weeks to Months

159
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Disease Manifestation:
Initial

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Ulcers similar to Old World
Leishmaniasis

160
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Disease Manifestation: Later stage

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Spread to Oronasal
and Pharyngeal Mucosa

160
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

affects the nose

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Espundia

160
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

affects the
nose (narrow nasal bridge)

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Tapir Nose

161
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

affects the
ears

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Chiclero Ulcer

162
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Primarily target the mucosal lining of the
nose, mouth, and throat.

A

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

163
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Etiology

Visceral Leishmania

A

Leishmania donovani

164
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Incubation

Visceral Leishmania

A

1-3 months

164
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Visceral Leishmania other names

A
  • Kala-azar
  • Dumdum Fever
  • black Fever
165
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Fever with twice daily elevations
(dromedary fever peak)

A

Visceral Leishmania

165
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Reticuloendotheliosis

A

Visceral Leishmania

166
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Darkening of Skin (forehead, temples, around the mouth)

A

Visceral Leishmania

167
Q

Epidemiology: Leishmania

Endemic in ___ countries on __ continents

A
  • 88
  • 5
167
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Dermal Leishmaniod Lesions - may
be rarely seen

A

Visceral Leishmania

167
Q

Diseases: Leishmania

Most deadly among the species since it
affects different vital organs.

A

Visceral Leishmania

168
Q

Epidemiology: Leishmania

Visceral Leishmaniasis

Endemic areas

A
  • Bangladesh
  • Brazil
  • India
  • Nepal
  • Sudan
169
Q

Epidemiology: Leishmania

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Endemic areas

A
  • Afghanistan
  • Brazil
  • Iran
  • Peru
  • Saudi Arabia
  • Syria
170
Q

Diagnosis: Leishmania

Wait ______ after injecting. If
there is an enlargement in a rash if you were previously exposed with the parasite

Montenegro skin test

A

72 hours

171
Q

Diagnosis: Leishmania

Some amastigotes can be found outside the
__________.

A

macrophage

171
Q

Diagnosis: Leishmania

Shape of kinetoplast

A

Rod-shaped

171
Q

Diagnosis: Leishmania

Golden hamsters can be used. If
they developed the disease then it’s positive

A

Animal inoculation

172
Q

Diagnosis: Leishmania

Leishmania donovani amastigotes can be mistaken as __________ of a fungus

A

yeast cells/forms

(histoplasma capsulatum)

172
Q

Diagnosis: Leishmania

Donovani has rod-shaped kinetoplast and can be found
____ the macrophage while the yeast cells can be found _____ the macrophage

A
  • outside
  • inside
173
Q

Diagnosis: Leishmania

___ would stain the yeast cells of the cytoplasm but not the Leishmania.

A

PAS

173
Q

Treatment for Leishmania:

A

Antimony Compounds

174
Q

Treatment for Leishmania:

Antimony Compounds:

A
  • Sodium Stibogluconate
  • n-methyl-glucamine
    antimonite
174
Q

Epidemiology: Leishmania

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

Endemic areas

A
  • Brazil
  • Eastern Peru
  • Bolivia
  • Paraguay
  • Ecuador
  • Colombia
  • Venezuela
174
Q

Diagnosis: Leishmania

also known as
Leishmanin skin test

A

Montenegro skin test

174
Q

Diagnosis: Leishmania

A

○ Demonstration of lesions
○ Tissue biopsies
○ Skin biopsies
○ Examination of BM, spleen, lymph node
○ Montenegro skin test
○ Animal inoculation
○ Serology: IFAT
○ Culture: NNN
○ Molecular methods

174
Q

Diagnosis: Leishmania

Intradermal skin test involving
injection wherein the patient is
injected with a suspension of
________

Montenegro skin test

A

promastigote.

Parasitology lec (24 decks)

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