Other Filarial Worms Flashcards by VERNARD DOMINIC ALOYON

Sheathed/Periodic Filarial worms:

○ Wuchereria bancrofti
○ Loa loa
○ Brugia malayi

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Unsheathed/Non-Periodic Filarial worms:

○ Mansonella perstans
○ Mansonella ozzardi
○ Onchocerca volvulus
○ Mansonella streptocerca

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majority of the microfilaria would be found in the blood of infected patients, except:

Mansonella streptocerca (skin)
Onchocerca volvulus (skin snips (scalp))

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Loa loa

common name:

African eye worm

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Loa loa

Disease manifestation:

Loaiasis

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Loa loa

worms are able to migrate through _________ and _______ through the conjunctive tissue across the eyeball

tissues and eye

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Loa loa

_____ of conjunctivitis and Eyelids

Edema

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Loa loa

localized subcutaneous edema

Calabar/Fugitive swellings

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Loa loa: Diagnosis

Presence of ______ swellings

Calabar

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Loa loa: Diagnosis

Appearance of worm in the _______

conjunctiva

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Loa loa: Diagnosis

Test used

Skin Test

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Mansonella ozzardi

Common name

New World Filaria

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Mansonella ozzardi

Disease manifestation:

Mansonellosis ozzardi

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Mansonella ozzardi

found in the subcutaneous tissue in the inguinal area

Inguinal Adenopathy

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Mansonella streptocerca

Formerly known as

Dipetalonema streptocerca

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Mansonella streptocerca

vector

small midges belonging to Culicoides

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Mansonella streptocerca

Disease manifestation

Pruritus Dermatitis with hypopigmented macules and inguinal adenopathy

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Mansonella streptocerca

Where can you fine the microfilaria

skin

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Mansonella streptocerca

Sheathed or unsheahted?

unsheahted

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Mansonella streptocerca

____ extend up to tip

nuclei

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Mansonella streptocerca

tip bent in the form of a _________

shepherd’s crook

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Mansonella perstans

Formerly

Dipetalonema perstans

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Mansonella perstans

Common name

Persistent Filarial worm

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Mansonella perstans

Disease manifestation:

usually benign
calabar-like swellings
pruritus
hives
fever
Kampala or Ugandan Eye worm

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# Onchocerca volvulus major cause of ______ in some parts of Africa

blindness

# Onchocerca volvulus also known as _______

river blindness

# Onchocerca volvulus found in _________

scalp (skin nodules)

# Onchocerca volvulus Adult worms can affect the eyes and may cause __________

progressive keratitis

# Onchocerca volvulus: Diagnosis history of travel within ________ in endemic areas

6 months

# Onchocerca volvulus: Diagnosis Symptoms

itching on arms

# Onchocerca volvulus: Diagnosis Microfilaria can be identified through ________

skin biopsy

# Capillaria philippinensis Common name

Pudoc worm

# Capillaria philippinensis discovered in the _______ during the 1960’s

Ilocos Region

# Capillaria philippinensis there was a report of an epidemic of severe diarrhea in an area called _____

pudoc

# Capillaria philippinensis is one of the discoverers of this parasite

Nelia Salazar

# Capillaria philippinensis In its life cycle, there will be 2 female worms:

○ Typical Female ○ Atypical Female

# Capillaria philippinensis Mode of laying of atypical female

- Ovoviviparous (laying mature eggs) - Larviparous (producing larva)

# Capillaria philippinensis Mode of laying of typical female

Oviparous (laying immature eggs)

# Capillaria philippinensis The first generation female worms of Capillaria philippinensis are _______

larviparous

# Capillaria philippinensis The second generation female worms of Capillaria philippinensis are _______

oviparous

# Capillaria philippinensis the posterior part of the male worm have the _______ which is covered with sheath

spicule (chitinous)

# Capillaria philippinensis Adult worms of Capillaria philippinensis would also possess ________

secretory cells

# Capillaria philippinensis Found near the esophagus of the parasite which is found on the anterior portion of the parasite

Stichocytes (secretory cells)

# Capillaria philippinensis Row of stichocytes (secretory cells)

Stichosome (collection of stichocytes)

# Capillaria philippinensis How many eggs does a Typical Female (Oviparous) have?

8-10 eggs

# Capillaria philippinensis How many eggs does a Atypical Female (Ovoviviparous) have?

40-45 eggs

# Capillaria philippinensis with flattened mucus plugs

Typical Female (Oviparous)

# Capillaria philippinensis without mucus plugs

Atypical Female (Ovoviviparous)

# Capillaria philippinensis Typical Female (Oviparous) have eggs in utero arranged in ________

single row

# Capillaria philippinensis Atypical Female (Ovoviviparous) have eggs in utero arranged in ________

2 to 3 rows

# Capillaria philippinensis Egg shape

Guitar shaped / Peanut shaped

# Capillaria philippinensis The egg has a ________ at the top and bottom part with ______

- Flattened mucus plug - striated shell

# Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle Usually, the infection is from ingestion of raw or uncooked ____ containing the larva stage.

fish

# Capillaria philippinensis : Life Cycle Examples of freshwater/brackish water fish that have Capillaria philippinensis are _______.

glassfish

# Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle Examples of Glassfishes in the Philippines:

■ Bagsit ■ Birot ■ Ipon ■ Bagsang

# Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle Habitat

small intestine

# Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle These larva stages will then mature and it will become 1st generation _______

maggots

# Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle In the succeeding generation (2nd generation) the females are now ___ producing.

egg

# Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle These eggs then will be passed out in the _____.

stool

# Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle For the eggs to become mature, it must find its way to the ________

freshwater

# Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle Embryonation will occur for ____ days

5-10

# Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle The ________ will then be ingested by the fish

embryonated eggs

# Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle The ______ will then ingest the fish

humans

# Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle Natural host (e.g._________) will help the cycle to continue even without the presence of humans.

Migratory Birds

# Capillaria philippinensis Final Host (FH)

Humans

# Capillaria philippinensis Mode of Transmission (MOT)

Ingestion of undercooked fish containing larva

# Capillaria philippinensis Infective Stage (IS)

Larva

Capillaria philippinensis: Pathology

- Pudoc Disease - Mystery Disease or Intestinal Capillariasis

# Capillaria philippinensis: Pathology Patients experience:

○ Severe Diarrhea ○ Abdominal pain ○ Borborygmus ○ Death may occur if left untreated

# Capillaria philippinensis: Pathology (gurgling of the stomach)

Borborygmus

Autoinfection can occur

Capillaria philippinensis

Capillaria philippinensis: Treatment

● Mebendazole (Rx of choice) ● Albendazole

# Capillaria philippinensis: Epidemiology Highly Pathogenic: All infected persons will eventually develop the _________

disease

Endemic areas include:

- Ilocos region - La Union - Pangasinan - Zambales - Cagayan - Isabela - Compostela Valley - Zamboanga del Norte

# Capillaria philippinensis: Other Species (associated with hepatic)

C. hepatica

Capillaria philippinensis: Other Species

○ C. hepatica ○ C. aerophila ○ C. plica

# Capillaria philippinensis: Other Species (associated with urinary)

C. plica

# Capillaria philippinensis: Other Species (associated with pulmonary)

C. aerophila

# Anisakis Common Name:

- Cod Worm - Herring Worm

# Anisakis Etiologic Agents

- Anisakis simplex - Pseudoterranova decipiens

# Anisakis Paratenic host:

Fish and squid

# Anisakis Final Host

Marine mammals

# Anisakis Accidental Host:

Humans

# Anisakis Infective to Humans:

L3 larva

# Anisakis MOT among Humans:

Ingestion of undercooked or raw seafood containing larva

# Anisakis Intermediate Host:

Microcrustaceans (Cyclops)

# Anisakis: Life cycle _____ can get the infection if they ingest the paratenic host (fish or squid) containing the L3 larva.

Dolphins

# Anisakis: Life cycle Dolphins can also get the infection if they ingest ________

microcrustaceans (cyclops)

# Anisakis: Life cycle it would inhabit the stomach of dolphins

L3 larva

# Anisakis: Life cycle The marine mammals will then release ________

unembryonated eggs

# Anisakis: Life cycle Eggs will then become embryonated in water and ________ form in the eggs

L2 larvae

# Anisakis: Life cycle L2 will hatch and will release _______

L3 larva

# Anisakis: Life cycle ___ are free swimming larva which will infect microcrustaceans.

# Anisakis: Life cycle Once these microcrustaceans are ingested by large fish, they will become ___________. Which later on will be ingested by the dolphin.

paratenic hosts

# Anisakis: Life cycle ________ will get into the picture if they ingest the paratenic host which contains the L3 larva.

Humans

Anisakis: Disease Manifestation

- Herring’s Disease; Gastrointestinal Anisakiasis - Eosinophilic granulomatous reaction - Perforation of intestines - “tingling throat” syndrome

# Anisakis: Disease Manifestation Signs and Symptoms:

○ Abdominal Pain ○ Nausea ○ Vomiting ○ Diarrhea ○ Irritation of small intestines

# Anisakis: Epidemiology Common in _______ and _______

Japan and Netherlands

# Anisakis: Epidemiology Ingestion of _________ or ________ or __________

sushi or sashimi or pickled herring

# Anisakis: Epidemiology Anisakis: Diagnosis

- Gastroscopic Examination - Biopsy - Worms may be coughed off by patients

# Anisakis: Epidemiology Anisakis: Treatment

- Albendazole - Surgery or removal of larval stages

# Manzonella ozzardi Common name

New world Filaria

# Manzonella ozzardi Habitat

Mesenteries and visceral fat

# Manzonella ozzardi Vector

cullicoides

# Manzonella ozzardi nuclei

don't exceed the tip

# Onchocerca volvulus Common name

Blinding filarial worm

# Onchocerca volvulus Habitat

Subcutaneous tissue

# Onchocerca volvulus vector

- Simulium sp.. - blackfly - bufallo gnat

# Onchocerca volvulus nuclei

no nuclei in the tail

# loa loa Habitat

Subcutaneous tissue

# loa loa vector

- Chrysops sp. - Tabanid - manggo fly

# loa loa nuclei

up to the tip

# loa loa periodicity

Diurnal

# Masonella perstans Habitat

Deep connective tissue

# Masonella perstans vector

culicoides

# Masonella perstans Nuclei

Up to the tip

# Masonella streptocerca habitat

Subcutaneous tissue

# Masonella streptocerca vector

Culicoides (biting midges)

# Masonella streptocerca nuclei

Single row to tip of tail