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Other Filarial Worms Flashcards

1
Q

Sheathed/Periodic Filarial worms:

A

○ Wuchereria bancrofti
○ Loa loa
○ Brugia malayi

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2
Q

Unsheathed/Non-Periodic Filarial worms:

A

○ Mansonella perstans
○ Mansonella ozzardi
○ Onchocerca volvulus
○ Mansonella streptocerca

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3
Q

majority of the microfilaria would be found in the blood of infected patients, except:

A
  • Mansonella streptocerca (skin)
  • Onchocerca volvulus (skin snips (scalp))
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4
Q

Loa loa

common name:

A

African eye worm

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5
Q

Loa loa

Disease manifestation:

A

Loaiasis

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6
Q

Loa loa

worms are able to migrate through _________ and _______ through the conjunctive tissue across the eyeball

A

tissues and eye

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7
Q

Loa loa

_____ of conjunctivitis and Eyelids

A

Edema

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8
Q

Loa loa

localized subcutaneous edema

A

Calabar/Fugitive swellings

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9
Q

Loa loa: Diagnosis

Presence of ______ swellings

A

Calabar

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10
Q

Loa loa: Diagnosis

Appearance of worm in the _______

A

conjunctiva

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11
Q

Loa loa: Diagnosis

Test used

A

Skin Test

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12
Q

Mansonella ozzardi

Common name

A

New World Filaria

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13
Q

Mansonella ozzardi

Disease manifestation:

A

Mansonellosis ozzardi

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14
Q

Mansonella ozzardi

found in the subcutaneous tissue in the inguinal area

A

Inguinal Adenopathy

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15
Q

Mansonella streptocerca

Formerly known as

A

Dipetalonema streptocerca

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16
Q

Mansonella streptocerca

vector

A

small midges belonging to Culicoides

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17
Q

Mansonella streptocerca

Disease manifestation

A

Pruritus Dermatitis with hypopigmented macules and inguinal adenopathy

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18
Q

Mansonella streptocerca

Where can you fine the microfilaria

A

skin

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19
Q

Mansonella streptocerca

Sheathed or unsheahted?

A

unsheahted

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20
Q

Mansonella streptocerca

____ extend up to tip

A

nuclei

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21
Q

Mansonella streptocerca

tip bent in the form of a _________

A

shepherd’s crook

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22
Q

Mansonella perstans

Formerly

A

Dipetalonema perstans

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23
Q

Mansonella perstans

Common name

A

Persistent Filarial worm

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24
Q

Mansonella perstans

Disease manifestation:

A
  • usually benign
  • calabar-like swellings
  • pruritus
  • hives
  • fever
  • Kampala or Ugandan Eye worm
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25
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

major cause of ______ in some parts of Africa

A

blindness

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26
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

also known as _______

A

river blindness

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27
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

found in _________

A

scalp (skin nodules)

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28
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

Adult worms can affect the eyes and may cause
__________

A

progressive keratitis

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29
Q

Onchocerca volvulus: Diagnosis

history of travel within ________ in endemic areas

A

6 months

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30
Q

Onchocerca volvulus: Diagnosis

Symptoms

A

itching on arms

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31
Q

Onchocerca volvulus: Diagnosis

Microfilaria can be identified through ________

A

skin biopsy

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32
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

Common name

A

Pudoc worm

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33
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

discovered in the _______ during the 1960’s

A

Ilocos Region

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34
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

there was a report of an epidemic of severe diarrhea in an area called _____

A

pudoc

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35
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

is one of the discoverers of this parasite

A

Nelia Salazar

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36
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

In its life cycle, there will be 2 female worms:

A

○ Typical Female
○ Atypical Female

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37
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

Mode of laying of atypical female

A
  • Ovoviviparous (laying mature eggs)
  • Larviparous
    (producing larva)
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37
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

Mode of laying of typical female

A

Oviparous (laying immature eggs)

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38
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

The first generation female worms of Capillaria philippinensis are _______

A

larviparous

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39
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

The second generation female worms of Capillaria philippinensis are _______

A

oviparous

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40
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

the posterior part of the male worm have the _______ which is covered with sheath

A

spicule (chitinous)

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41
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

Adult worms of Capillaria philippinensis would also possess ________

A

secretory cells

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42
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

Found near the esophagus of the parasite which is found on the anterior portion of the parasite

A

Stichocytes (secretory cells)

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43
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

Row of stichocytes (secretory cells)

A

Stichosome (collection of stichocytes)

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44
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

How many eggs does a Typical Female (Oviparous) have?

A

8-10 eggs

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45
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

How many eggs does a Atypical Female (Ovoviviparous) have?

A

40-45 eggs

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46
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

with flattened
mucus plugs

A

Typical Female (Oviparous)

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47
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

without
mucus plugs

A

Atypical Female (Ovoviviparous)

48
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

Typical Female (Oviparous) have eggs in utero arranged in ________

A

single row

49
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

Atypical Female (Ovoviviparous) have eggs in utero arranged in ________

A

2 to 3 rows

50
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

Egg shape

A

Guitar shaped / Peanut shaped

51
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

The egg has a ________ at the top and bottom part with
______

A
  • Flattened mucus plug
  • striated shell
52
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle

Usually, the infection is from ingestion of raw or uncooked ____ containing the larva stage.

53
Q

Capillaria philippinensis : Life Cycle

Examples of freshwater/brackish water fish that have Capillaria philippinensis are _______.

54
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle

Examples of Glassfishes in the Philippines:

A

■ Bagsit
■ Birot
■ Ipon
■ Bagsang

55
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle

Habitat

A

small intestine

56
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle

These larva stages will then mature and it will become 1st generation _______

57
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle

In the succeeding generation (2nd generation) the females are now ___ producing.

58
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle

These eggs then will be passed out in the
_____.

59
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle

For the eggs to become mature, it must find
its way to the ________

A

freshwater

60
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle

Embryonation will occur for ____ days

61
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle

The ________ will then be ingested by the fish

A

embryonated eggs

62
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle

The ______ will then ingest the fish

63
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Life Cycle

Natural host (e.g._________) will help the cycle to continue even without the presence of humans.

A

Migratory Birds

64
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

Final Host (FH)

65
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

Mode of Transmission
(MOT)

A

Ingestion of undercooked
fish containing larva

66
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

Infective Stage (IS)

67
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Pathology

A
  • Pudoc Disease
  • Mystery Disease or Intestinal Capillariasis
68
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Pathology

Patients experience:

A

○ Severe Diarrhea
○ Abdominal pain
○ Borborygmus
○ Death may occur if left untreated

69
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Pathology

(gurgling of the stomach)

A

Borborygmus

70
Q

Autoinfection can occur

A

Capillaria philippinensis

71
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Treatment

A

● Mebendazole (Rx of choice)
● Albendazole

72
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Epidemiology

Highly Pathogenic: All infected persons will eventually develop the _________

73
Q

Endemic areas include:

A
  • Ilocos region
  • La Union
  • Pangasinan
  • Zambales
  • Cagayan
  • Isabela
  • Compostela Valley
  • Zamboanga del Norte
74
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Other Species

(associated with hepatic)

A

C. hepatica

74
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Other Species

A

○ C. hepatica
○ C. aerophila
○ C. plica

75
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Other Species

(associated with urinary)

75
Q

Capillaria philippinensis: Other Species

(associated with pulmonary)

A

C. aerophila

76
Q

Anisakis

Common Name:

A
  • Cod Worm
  • Herring Worm
76
Q

Anisakis

Etiologic Agents

A
  • Anisakis simplex
  • Pseudoterranova decipiens
77
Q

Anisakis

Paratenic host:

A

Fish and squid

78
Q

Anisakis

Final Host

A

Marine mammals

79
Q

Anisakis

Accidental Host:

80
Q

Anisakis

Infective to Humans:

80
Q

Anisakis

MOT among Humans:

A

Ingestion of
undercooked or raw seafood
containing larva

81
Q

Anisakis

Intermediate Host:

A

Microcrustaceans
(Cyclops)

82
Q

Anisakis: Life cycle

_____ can get the infection if they ingest the paratenic host (fish or squid) containing the L3 larva.

83
Q

Anisakis: Life cycle

Dolphins can also get the infection if they ingest ________

A

microcrustaceans (cyclops)

84
Q

Anisakis: Life cycle

it would inhabit the stomach of dolphins

85
Q

Anisakis: Life cycle

The marine mammals will then release
________

A

unembryonated eggs

86
Q

Anisakis: Life cycle

Eggs will then become embryonated in water and ________ form in the eggs

87
Q

Anisakis: Life cycle

L2 will hatch and will release _______

88
Q

Anisakis: Life cycle

___ are free swimming larva which will infect
microcrustaceans.

89
Q

Anisakis: Life cycle

Once these microcrustaceans are ingested by large fish, they will become ___________. Which later on will be ingested by the dolphin.

A

paratenic hosts

90
Q

Anisakis: Life cycle

________ will get into the picture if they ingest the paratenic host which contains the L3 larva.

91
Q

Anisakis: Disease Manifestation

A
  • Herring’s Disease; Gastrointestinal Anisakiasis
  • Eosinophilic granulomatous reaction
  • Perforation of intestines
  • “tingling throat” syndrome
92
Q

Anisakis: Disease Manifestation

Signs and Symptoms:

A

○ Abdominal Pain
○ Nausea
○ Vomiting
○ Diarrhea
○ Irritation of small intestines

93
Q

Anisakis: Epidemiology

Common in _______ and _______

A

Japan and Netherlands

94
Q

Anisakis: Epidemiology

Ingestion of _________ or ________ or __________

A

sushi or sashimi or pickled herring

95
Q

Anisakis: Epidemiology

Anisakis: Diagnosis

A
  • Gastroscopic Examination
  • Biopsy
  • Worms may be coughed off by patients
96
Q

Anisakis: Epidemiology

Anisakis: Treatment

A
  • Albendazole
  • Surgery or removal of larval stages
97
Q

Manzonella ozzardi

Common name

A

New world Filaria

98
Q

Manzonella ozzardi

Habitat

A

Mesenteries and visceral fat

99
Q

Manzonella ozzardi

Vector

A

cullicoides

100
Q

Manzonella ozzardi

nuclei

A

don’t exceed the tip

101
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

Common name

A

Blinding filarial worm

102
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

Habitat

A

Subcutaneous tissue

103
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

vector

A
  • Simulium sp..
  • blackfly
  • bufallo gnat
104
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

nuclei

A

no nuclei in the tail

104
Q

loa loa

Habitat

A

Subcutaneous tissue

105
Q

loa loa

vector

A
  • Chrysops sp.
  • Tabanid
  • manggo fly
106
Q

loa loa

nuclei

A

up to the tip

106
Q

loa loa

periodicity

107
Q

Masonella perstans

Habitat

A

Deep connective tissue

108
Q

Masonella perstans

vector

A

culicoides

109
Q

Masonella perstans

Nuclei

A

Up to the tip

110
Q

Masonella streptocerca

habitat

A

Subcutaneous tissue

111
Q

Masonella streptocerca

vector

A

Culicoides (biting midges)

112
Q

Masonella streptocerca

nuclei

A

Single row to tip of tail

Parasitology lec (24 decks)

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