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Parasitology lec > Introductory Concepts of Parasitology > Flashcards

Introductory Concepts of Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

living together of unlike organisms.

A

Symbiosis

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2
Q

a symbiotic relationship in
which two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other

A

Commensalism

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3
Q

Entamoeba coli in the intestinal lumen

Types of Symbiosis

A

Commensalism

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3
Q

Shape of Entamoeba coli

A

Round

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3
Q

Several nuclei – can reach 8

A

Entamoeba coli

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3
Q

meaning residing in intestine especially in large intestine/colon

A

Enta

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4
Q

Means that we eat something fecally contaminated, could be from eating raw vegetables

A

Entamoeba coli in the intestinal lumen

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5
Q

a symbiosis in which two organisms mutually benefit from each other

A

Mutualism

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6
Q

Termites and Flagellates in their digestive system, which aids in breakdown of ingested wood by
synthesizing cellulase

Types of Symbiosis

A

Mutualism

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7
Q

symbiotic relationship (one-sided) where one organism, the parasite, lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the
host.

A

Parasitism

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8
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

Type of Symbiosis

A

Parasitism

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9
Q

means it lyses the tissue through producing enzymes such as cysteine proteinase (this is the reason why there is a blood in stool sample indicating ulceration – dysentery

A

Histolytica

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9
Q

derives nutrition from the human host and causes amebic dysentery

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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10
Q

stool samples contains blood and mucus

A

Dysentery

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10
Q

Shape of Entamoeba histolytica cyst

A

circular

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11
Q

Entamoeba histolytica
contains maximum of __ nuclei (mature)

A

4

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12
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Infection of it occurs when its _______ is ingested

A

matured cyst

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13
Q

Prior to ingestion – Entamoeba histolytica cyst will become trophozoite in the intestine which will develop extension called ____________, enabling its movement

A

pseudopod (false feet)

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14
Q

area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another

A

Parasitology

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15
Q

concerned primarily with parasites of humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities

A

Medical Parasitology

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16
Q

inside (Infection)

Types of Parasites (According to Habitat)

A

Endoparasite

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17
Q

outside
(Infestation)

Types of Parasites (According to Habitat)

A

Ectoparasite

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18
Q

parasite found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

Types of Parasites (According to Habitat)

A

Erratic

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19
Q

parasite that requires host, otherwise, it dies

A

Obligate parasite

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20
Q

a nematode (roundworm) and is an endoparasite which can move out of the intestinal lining to other organs like lungs. You can get infected by this through ingestion of embryonated eggs

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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21
Q

Parasite that cannot survive outsided
the intestine

A

Ascaris Lumbricoides

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22
Q

may exist in a free-living state or
may become parasitic when the need arises

A

Facultative parasite

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23
Q

A nematode; Facultative parasite

A

Strongyloides stercoralis (Threadworm)

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24
Q

a parasite that establishes itself in a host in which it does not usually live

A

Accidental/ incidental parasite

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25
Q

remains on or in the body of the host
for its entire life

Types of Parasites (According to time)

A

Permanent Parasite

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26
Q

lives on the host only for a short
period of time

Types of Parasites (According to time)

A

Temporary parasite

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27
Q

a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host

Types of Parasites (According to time)

A

Spurious parasite

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28
Q

Sexual or Adult/Final stages

Types of Hosts

A

Definitive / Final host

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29
Q

one in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages but remains alive and can infect other hosts. Harbors the infective stage of the parasite

A

Paratenic host

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30
Q

Asexual or larval stage

A

Intermediate host

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31
Q

allow the parasite’s life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection

A

Reservoir host

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32
Q

Presence of the __________ makes the total eradication of the parasite difficult because these are sources of possible infections

A

reservoir host

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33
Q

parasite where cattle are the reservoir host

A

Balantidium coli

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34
Q

Responsible for transmission

A

Vectors

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35
Q

humans are intermediate host

Types of vector

A

Biologic vector

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36
Q

do not participate
intrinsically

Types of vector

A

Mechanical / Phoretic vector

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36
Q

Malarial parasite, Mosquito acts as definitive host

Types of vector

A

Biologic vector

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37
Q

Not that important in the life cycle of
parasite, are only carriers

Types of vector

A

Mechanical / Phoretic vector

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38
Q

Fly, Cockroaches, what type of vector

A

Mechanical / Phoretic vector

(Known mechanical
vector of Ascaris)

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39
Q

Most common source of infection

Modes of Transmission

A

Oral

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40
Q

Ingestion of contaminated food & water

Modes of Transmission

A

Oral

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41
Q

Examples of parasites of Oral Transmission

A
  • Taenia solium
  • Taenia saginata
  • Dibothriocephalus latus
  • Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia duodenalis (G. lambia)
  • Clonorchis, Opistorchis, and Haplorchis
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42
Q

(raw pork tapeworm)

A

Taenia solium

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43
Q

(raw beef tapeworm)

A

Taenia saginata

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44
Q

formerly Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Dibothriocephalus latus

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45
Q

found in raw fish causing anemia

A

Dibothriocephalus latus

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46
Q

infective
stage of Taenia saginata

A

Cystecercus larva

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47
Q

infective stage of Dibothriocephalus latus

A

Plerocercoid larvae

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48
Q

Examples of parasites of Oral Transmission by Ingestion of Cysts

A
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Giardia duodenalis (G. lambia)
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49
Q

Examples of parasites of Oral Transmission flukes

A
  • Clonorchis
  • Opistorchis
  • Haplorchis
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50
Q

Infective stage of Clonorchis, Opistorchis, and Haplorchis

Modes of Transmission

A

Metacercaria

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51
Q

Parasites that uses Skin penetration

A
  • Hookworms
  • Strongyloides
  • Schistosoma sp.
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52
Q

Hookworms and Strongyloides infective stage

A

Filariform
larvae

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53
Q

enter skin via water, bathing in rivers and lakes

A

Schistosoma sp.

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54
Q

Infective stage of Schistosoma sp.

A

Cercariae

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55
Q

Arthropod bites (Vector-borne) parasites:

A
  • Mosquito
  • fly
  • tick
  • bug (Reduviid)
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56
Q

Disease associated with mosquito

A
  • Malaria
  • Filariasis
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57
Q

Infective stage of Malaria

A

Sporozoite

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58
Q

Infective stage of Filariasis

A

L3 Larva

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59
Q

Disease associated with Fly

A
  • Leishmaniasis
  • African trypanosomiasis
  • Onchocercosis
  • Loiasis
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60
Q

Infective stage of Leishmaniasis

A

Promastigotes

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61
Q

Infective stage of African trypanosomiasis

A

Trypomastigotes

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62
Q

Infective stage of Onchocercosis

A

L3 larva

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63
Q

Infective stage of Loiasis

A

L3 larva

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64
Q

Disease associated with Tick

A

Babesiosis

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65
Q

Infective stage of Babesiosis

A

Sporozoite

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66
Q

Disease associated with Bug (Reduviid)

A

Chagas’ Disease

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67
Q

Infective stage of Chagas’ Disease

A

Trypomastigotes

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68
Q

_________ bite you near your
mouth, thus the “kissing bug”

A

Reduviid bugs

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69
Q

in Chagas’ Disease, not through biting, infective
stage of parasite is transferred
through the _________

A

feces of the bug

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70
Q

refers to the transmission of infections, diseases, or other agents from a pregnant mother to her developing fetus during pregnancy, childbirth, or shortly after birth

A

Congenital transmission

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71
Q

Example of Congenital Transmission

A

Toxoplasma gondi

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72
Q

Definitive hosts are cats (reason for keeping pregnant mothers away from cats)

A

Toxoplasma gondi

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73
Q

refers to the transmission of infections or other agents from a mother to her offspring through breastfeeding or the mammary glands.

A

Transmammary

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74
Q

Example of Transmammary parasites

A
  • Ancylostoma - hookworms
  • Strongyloides – similar in terms of life cycle
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75
Q

Example of Inhalation of Airborne parasite

A

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

75
Q

a nematode; infective
stage is eggs; inhalation of airborne eggs

A

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

76
Q

Example of Sexual Intercourse parasite that infects both male and female

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

77
Q

possibility of infection when one partner is the only one treated, not both (reason for treating both)

A

Ping-pong phenomenon

78
Q

redness and
inflammation of cervix

A

Strawberry cervix

79
Q

study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease

A

Epidemiology

80
Q

new cases

A

Incidence

81
Q

old and new cases

A

Prevalence

82
Q

– refers to burden of infection which is related to the number of worms per infected person

A

Intensity of Infection / Worm Burden

83
Q

refers to the state of being diseased or the prevalence of disease within a population.

A

Morbidity

84
Q

refers to the occurrence of death within a population.

A

Mortality

84
Q

the use of anthelminthic drugs in an individual or a public health program

A

Deworming

85
Q

permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidences of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts

A

Disease Eradication

86
Q

reduction to zero of the incidences of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts

A

Disease elimination

87
Q

disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

A

Sporadic

88
Q

– refers to constant presence and/or prevalence
of a disease or an infectious agent in the population within
a geographic area

A

Endemic

89
Q

refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease often above normal
expectancy in the population of an area

A

Epidemic

90
Q

refers to an epidemic that has spread over
several countries or continents

A

Pandemic

91
Q

Mechanisms by which parasites cause injury:

Effects of Parasites on Hosts

A
  • Creation of enzymes
  • Invasion and destruction of host tissue
  • Depriving the host of essential nutrients and substances
92
Q

What enzyme does E. histolytica release?

A

cysteine
proteinase

93
Q

What enzyme does Balantidium coli release?

A

hyaluronidase

93
Q

Several Factors that affect outcome of Infection in the host

Effects of Host on the Parasites

A
  • Genetic make-up of the host
  • Nutritional Status of the host
  • Immunity of the host
94
Q

Possible outcomes of parasite to host interactions:

Immunology of Parasitic Infections

A
  1. Parasite fails to become established in the host.
  2. Parasite becomes established and the host eliminates the
    infection.
  3. Parasite becomes established, and the host begins to
    overcome the infection but is not totally successful.
  4. Parasite becomes established and the host, in trying to
    eliminate the organism, becomes damaged itself.
  5. Parasite becomes established and kills the host.
95
Q

Physical barriers (1st line of defense against pathogens)

Host Parasite Interactions

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Components of body fluids
  • Physiologic functions of the body
96
Q

Example of Physiologic functions of the body

Physical barriers (1st line of defense against pathogens)

A

Elevation of temperature

97
Q

Body detects and eliminates pathogens
through non-specific mechanisms

Host Immune Response

A

Innate immune response

98
Q

Ex: Phagocytosis by macrophage (Not guaranteed protection) and dendritic cells

Host Immune Response

A

Innate immune response

99
Q

parasites that multiply
in Macrophages

A

Leishmania

100
Q

Hemoflagellates:
transmitted by sand fly

A

Leishmania

101
Q

Infective stage of Leishmania

A

promastigotes

101
Q

Macrophages eat them

A

promastigotes

101
Q

But promastigotes transform to _________ (tissue forms) – they are multiplicative, so they are not killed by macrophages

A

amastigotes

101
Q

host exposed to the parasite antigens > stimulate an
immune response

Host Immune Response

A

Acquired immune response

102
Q

Example of Acquired immune respone

A

T and B cells (Lymphoctes)

103
Q

cell mediated
immunity

A

T-cells

104
Q

humoral
immunity (antibody)

A

B-cells

105
Q

Permits survival of parasites upon
entering blood and tissues

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A

Resistance to infection

105
Q

Cuticle and integument (refer to skin of
parasites) > resist macrophage

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A

Resistance to infection

106
Q

Parasites can reduce immune function of macrophages > lower action of macrophages and defecting processing of
antigen

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A

Immune suppression

106
Q

Parasites have antigenic variation capability resulting to difficulty in creation of vaccines against them

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A

Antigen Variation

106
Q

parasite that uses Variant surface glycoproteins
(VSG)

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A

Trypanosoma brucei infection

107
Q

Antigenic diversity

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A

Plasmodium

108
Q

Body could not differentiate self from non-self (WBCs cannot see parasites as foreign)

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A

Host Mimicry

108
Q

Parasites that uses antigen variation

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A
  • Trypanosoma brucei
  • Plasmodium
108
Q

Parasites that uses Host Mimicry

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A
  • Echinococcus granulosus
  • Schistosoma sp
108
Q

Parasite that larval stages carry P blood group antigens

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A

Echinococcus granulosus

109
Q

Tapeworm in dog

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A

Echinococcus granulosus

110
Q

can acquire antigenic
molecules from host

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A

Schistosoma sp.

110
Q

Parasites that uses Intracellular Sequestration

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A
  • Leishmania
  • Plasmodium
111
Q

2 important genera of hemoflagellates

Parasite Evasion Mechanism

A

Trypanosoma and Leishmania

112
Q

Dysfunction of any of the host defense systems
can result in damage to host tissue and produce
clinical disease

A

Adverse Effects of Immune Response on the Host

113
Q

Types of Reaction:

Adverse Effects of Immune
Response on the Host

A
  1. Type 1 (Immediate type hypersensitivity)
  2. Type 2 (Immune complex formation)
  3. Type 3 (Cytotoxic reactions of antibody)
  4. Type 4 (Delayed-type hypersensitivity).
113
Q

unicellular eukaryotic organisms

Taxonomy (Classification) of Medically Important
Parasites

A

Protozoans

113
Q

Define nucleus

A

Eukaryote

113
Q

Types of Protozoans

A
  • Phylum Sarcomastigophora
  • Phylum Ciliophora
  • Phylum Apicomplexa
113
Q

Examples of Phylum Sarcomastigophora

A
  • Ameba
  • Atrial
  • Flagellates
  • Hemoflagellates
114
Q

Examples of Phylum Ciliophora

A

Ciliates

114
Q

Examples of Phylum Apicomplexa

A
  • Plasmodium
  • Babesia
  • Intestinal Coccidians
  • Tissue Coccidians
115
Q

now under Fungi

A

Microspora

115
Q

“worms”; metazoan parasites

A

Helminthes

116
Q

Examples of Helminthes

A
  • Nematodes (Roundworms)
  • Cestodes (Tapeworms)
  • Trematodes (Flukes)
116
Q

Have defined locomotor apparatus

A

Phylum Sarcomastigophora and Ciliophora

116
Q

locomotor apparatus of Amoeba

A

pseudopod

116
Q

locomotor apparatus of Flagellate

A

flagella

117
Q

locomotor apparatus of Ciliate

A

cilia

117
Q

2 diagnostic stages of Phylum Sarcomastigophora and Ciliophora

A

Trophozoite and Cyst

117
Q

motile stage of Phylum Sarcomastigophora and Ciliophora

A

Trophozoite

118
Q

usually infective stage and
non-motile of Phylum Sarcomastigophora and Ciliophora

A

Cyst

119
Q

Stages of Phylum Apicomplexa

A
  • Schizogony
  • Sporogony
  • Gametogony
120
Q

asexual
stage of Phylum Apicomplexa

A

Schizogony

121
Q

Sexual stage of Phylum Apicomplexa

A

Sporogony

121
Q

process of
forming gametes in Phylum Apicomplexa’s stage

A

Gametogony

122
Q

confused with
Plasmodium falciparum

A

Babesiosus

123
Q

Cysts with tri-layered structure

A

Nematodes (Roundworms)

123
Q
  • Ribbon-like
  • Can extend up to 25m
A

Cestodes (Tapeworms)

124
Q

liver flukes

A

Fasciola

124
Q

Leaf-like (adult stages)

A

Trematodes (Flukes)

125
Q

2 blood-flukes (copulation of male and female; appear elongated and cylindrical)

A

Schistosoma -

126
Q

Infective stage of Schistosoma

A

Cercarian

127
Q

seen together
(male and female) in one body

A

Hermaphrodite / Monoecious

128
Q

separated reproductive organs

A

Non-Hermaphrodite / Dioecious

128
Q

Parasites occur in two distinct forms

A

Protozoa and Helminths

129
Q

For medical purposes, protozoa are classified according to their most important site of infection,
namely:

A
  • intestinal protozoa
  • urogenital protozoa
  • blood protozoa
  • tissue protozoa
129
Q

what kind of protozoa according to site of infection is Giardia

A

intestinal protozoa

130
Q

what kind of protozoa according to site of infection is Trichomonas

A

urogenital protozoa

131
Q

what kind of protozoa according to site of infection is Plasmodium

A

blood protozoa

132
Q

what kind of protozoa according to site of infection is Toxoplasma

A

tissue protozoa

133
Q

In some contexts, the protozoa are classified into four groups:

A

o Sarcodina (amebas),
o Sporozoa (sporozoans),
o Mastigophora (flagellates),
o Ciliata (ciliates)

133
Q

Metazoa are subdivided into two phyla:

A
  • Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
  • Nemathelminthes (roundworms,
    nematodes)
134
Q

the tapeworm that causes
cysticercosis

A

Taenia solium

134
Q

The phylum Platyhelminthes
contains two medically important
classes:

A
  • Cestoda (tapeworms)
  • Trematoda (flukes).
135
Q

the fluke that causes
schistosomiasis.

A

Schistosoma
mansoni

135
Q

Medically important roundworms
(nematodes) include the:

A
  • pinworm (Enterobius)
  • the hookworms
    (Ancylostoma and Necator)
  • the threadworm (Strongyloides)
  • Trichinella
135
Q

flagellated forms of Leishmania and Trypanosoma

A

promastigotes or
trypomastigotes

136
Q

non-flagellated forms of Leishmania and Trypanosoma

A

amastigotes

136
Q

type of hosts where the larval form in the human is not transmitted to other humans or animals

A

dead-end hosts

137
Q

Humans are dead-end hosts for:

A
  • Taenia solium (cysticercosis)
  • Echinococcus (hydatid cyst disease)
  • Trichinella (trichinosis)
137
Q

one or more whip-like flagella and, in some cases, an undulating membrane (eg, trypanosomes)

A

Flagellates

138
Q

use pseudopodia or protoplasmic flow to
move

A

Amebae

138
Q

undergo a complex life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual reproductive phases

A

Sporozoa

139
Q

complex protozoa bearing cilia
distributed in rows or patches, with two kinds of nuclei in each individual

A

Ciliates

140
Q

elongated and tapered at both ends, round in crosssection, and unsegmented

A

Phylum Nemathelminthes

140
Q

set of longitudinal muscles, which allows them to move
in a whip-like, penetrating fashion

A

Phylum Nemathelminthes

141
Q

complete digestive system that is well adapted for
ingestion of the host’s gut contents, cells, blood, or
cellular breakdown products

A

Phylum Nemathelminthes

141
Q

highly developed separate-sexed reproductive
system

A

Phylum Nemathelminthes

142
Q

shed their tough cuticles (molt) as they undergo
development from larvae to adults

A

Phylum Nemathelminthes

143
Q

eggs and larval stages are well suited for survival in
the external environment. infections are usually
acquired by ingestion of the infective egg (Ascaris lumbricoides) or larval stage (Trichinella spiralis),
but can also be vector transmitted (Wuchereria
bancrofti) or via skin penetration (Necator americanus)

A

Phylum Nemathelminthes

144
Q

hermaphroditic, with a few exceptions (Schistosoma sp.)

A

Phylum Platyhelminths

144
Q

flatworms that are dorsoventrally flattened in crosssection

A

Phylum Platyhelminths

145
Q

flattened and leaf shaped with two muscular
suckers (oral and ventral)

A

Trematode

145
Q

bifurcated gut and possess both circular and
longitudinal muscles

A

Trematode

146
Q

lack the cuticle but has syncytial epithelium

A

Trematode

146
Q

hermaphroditic, except for the schistosomes
(blood flukes), which have male and female worms
that exist coupled together within small blood
vessels of their hosts

A

Trematode

147
Q

Life cycle of Trematode

A

Eggs – Larva: [Miracidium, Sporocyst, Redia, Cercaria, Metacercaria] – Adult

147
Q

Most fluke infections are acquired by ingestion of
the __________

A

metacercariae

147
Q

The ________ of schistosomes, however, directly penetrate the skin of their hosts and do not encyst as metacercariae.

A

cercariae

148
Q

flat and have a ribbon-like chain of segments (proglottids) containing male and female reproductive structures

A

Cestode

148
Q

can reach lengths of 10 m and have hundreds of
segments, with each segment releasing thousands
of eggs

A

Cestode

149
Q

Adult tapeworms have no mouth or gut and absorb
their nutrients directly from their host through
their ____________.

A

integument

149
Q

At the anterior end of an adult tapeworm is the
______, which is often elaborated with muscular
suckers, hooks, or structures that aid in its ability
to attach to the intestinal wall

A

scolex

Parasitology lec (24 decks)

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