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Parasitology lec > Other Apicomplexa > Flashcards

Other Apicomplexa Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two kinds of coccidians

A

○ Tissue Coccidians
○ Intestinal Cocidians

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2
Q

Blood parasites that cause malaria-like infections

A

Babesia

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2
Q

Also found in the blood just like Plasmodium

A

Babesia

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3
Q

Zoonotic infection; transmitted by ticks

A

Babesia

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4
Q

In Babesia the ticks that come from what genus?

A

Ixodes

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5
Q

Causative Agents of babesia

A
  • Babesia microti
  • Babesua divergens
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6
Q

Where can you find Babesia microti?

A

United states

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7
Q

Where can you find Babesia divergens

A

Europe

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8
Q

Babesia

Final host

A

Tick

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9
Q

Intemediate host

A

Lower forms of mammals (mouse, deer, livestock, cattle), humans (accidental host)

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10
Q

Mode of Transmission (MOT)

A

Bite of an infected tick;
blood transfusion; vertical transmission

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11
Q

Infective Stage (IS)

A

Pyriform bodies (sporozoites)

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12
Q

These sporozoites would find its way into the blood and it would then infect your _______.

A

arteries

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13
Q

They would replicate, or undergo schizogony, in the ______.

A

red blood cells (RBC).

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14
Q

Eventually, the trophozoite will be a _______ and the life cycle will just repeat.

A

merozoite

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15
Q

Human to human transmission is possible
through _________.

A

blood transfusion.

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16
Q

But to maintain the life cycle of the parasite, the parasite would be in its _______.

A

usual or natural intermediate host (mouse, deer, cattle).

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17
Q

The fusion of the gametes in the tick is
called:

A

gamogony

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18
Q

The asexual reproduction that would happen in the IH is called

A

merogony

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19
Q

Inside the tick, in the gut, once gamogony happens, you have a zygote that becomes an ookinete. So the ookinete would then undergo _______

A

sporogony

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20
Q

If for example, this tck is infected by Babesia, the ookinete in the gut can infect other parts of the tick, including the tick ova, or the eggs of the tick. So if the eggs of the tick are infected, the Babesia parasite can be transmitted to the tick larva, thereby allowing
_________

A

transovarian transmission

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21
Q

This transovarian transmission is usually
seen in _____

A

Babesia divergens.

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22
Q

Specific Ixodes

A

Ixodes scapularis (American Deer Tick)

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23
Q

Babesia: Morphology

Instead of schizonts or gametocytes (which you will not find in Babesia), you will primarily find _____ and _________

A

ring forms and merozoites

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24
Q

Babesia: Morphology

Ring forms (also known as, piroplasm) in Babesia may be falsely mistaken as ______________

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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24
Q

Babesia: Morphology

Ring forms also known as, ________

A

piroplasm

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25
Q

Babesia: Morphology

Another feature would also be the merozoites in the parasite, with a characteristic ____________

A

Maltese Cross Arrangement.

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26
Q

Babesia: Morphology

But sometimes, instead of four, the merozoites are only two, looking like ____________

A

Bunny Ears Arrangement

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27
Q

Babesia: Morphology

Up to ______ trophozoites per cell.

A

four

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28
Q

Babesia: Morphology

One way to tell that this is not Plasmodium but rather Babesia, you would notice that the ring forms of Babesia can be found ________ the red blood cells (RBCs).

A

outside

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29
Q

Babesia: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Babesia causes:

A
  • Babesiosis or Piroplasmosis or Nantucket Fever or Redwater Fever
  • Tick Fever
  • Texas Cattle Fever
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30
Q

Babesia: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Most cases are asymptomatic and usually self-limiting

A

Babesia

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31
Q

Babesia: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

incubation period of babesiosis

A

1 month
up to 12 months.

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32
Q

Babesia: Disease Manifestation and Pathogenesis

Signs and symptoms mimic malaria:

A

○ Mild chills and fever
○ Hemolytic anemia
○ Jaundice
○ Hepatomegaly

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33
Q

Babesia: Risk Factors for Severe Cases of Babesiosis

The severity of Babesiosis would depend on the
following factors:

A

○ Co-infection with Borrelia burgdorferi
○ Old age
○ Absence of spleen (splenectomized)
○ Immunodeficiency

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34
Q

Babesia: Risk Factors for Severe Cases of Babesiosis

share the
same vector, the Ixodes tick

A

Borrelia and Babesia

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35
Q

Babesia: Risk Factors for Severe Cases of Babesiosis

bacteria that causes Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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36
Q

Diagnosis would include:

Diagnosis

A

○ Examination of Giemsa stained smears
(microscopy)
○ Serology
○ History of Tick bite
○ Travel History
○ Molecular Methods (more sedative test like PCR)

37
Q

considered as gold standard

Diagnosis

A

PCR

38
Q

you are detecting Babesia
antibodies, and you would use here fluorescent labels to visualize the presence of the antibodies.

Diagnosis

A

IFAT

39
Q

IFAT is under

Diagnosis

A

Serology

40
Q

Diagnostic titer of IFAT

Diagnosis

A

1:64

40
Q

Inoculation of animals is under what?

Diagnosis

A

serology

41
Q

What animals are used in inoculation?

Diagnosis

A

Gold Hamster or gerbil

42
Q

Babesia: Epidemiology

Reported Cases are found in:

A

Europe and North America (North East), cases also reported in West Coast

43
Q

Babesia: Epidemiology

In the United States, the parasite can be found in the North Eastern part, in:

A
  • Massachusetts
  • Nantucket (hence, the term Nantucket fever),
  • Cape Cod,
  • Martha’s Vineyard
44
Q

Babesia: Epidemiology

Human Infections usually occur during

A

spring and
summer

45
Q

Babesia: Epidemiology

No ________ reported yet in the country

A

human infections

46
Q

Babesia: Treatment

A
  • Clindamycin and Quinine
  • azithromycin and atovaquone
47
Q

Babesia: Prevention

A

● Avoid tick bites
● Apply insect repellants
● Screen blood donors

48
Q

INTESTINAL COCCIDIANS

Belong to what phylum?

A

Apicomplexa

49
Q

Alteration of _______ and _______ Generations

A

Sexual and Asexual

50
Q

Medically Important Genera include:

A
  • Isospora
  • Cryptosporidium
  • Cyclospora
  • Toxoplasma
  • Sarcocystis
51
Q

Described as

A

partially acid fast

52
Q

Meaning, these parasites are able to be stained by _________ technique.

Described as partially acid fast

A

acid fast staining

53
Q

These
________ are then stained by your Acid Fast Stain

A

mycolic acids

54
Q

But since trhey are “partially acid fast,” we will use a ________.

A

modified version of the AFS

55
Q

These intestinal coccidians are always
associated with _________.

A

gastroenteritis

56
Q

Habitat

A

small intestine

57
Q

Infective stage (IS):

A

ingestion of sporulated
oocyst

58
Q

mature oocyst,
an oocyst that already contains sporozoites

A

Sporulated oocyst

59
Q

MOT

A

drinking contaminated water or
ingestion of contaminated fruits or vegetables.

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Parasitology lec (24 decks)

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