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Parasitology lec > Phylum Apicoplexa-plasmodium > Flashcards

Phylum Apicoplexa-plasmodium Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

They are found inside the host cell

A

Intracellular Protozoans

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2
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

They have a specialized organelle called the

A

apical
complex

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3
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

The apical complex is used for __________.

A

invasion

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4
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

The parasite uses this structure to gain entry
to the host cell.

A

apical complex

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5
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

They have a more complicated life cycle because it involves a _________ and __________ phase

A

sexual and asexual

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6
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

class

A

Sporozoa

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7
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

Suborder

A

Haemosporina

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8
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

most important parasitic
infection of man.

A

Malaria

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9
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

causative agent of Malaria genus

A

plasmodium

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10
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa (Malarial Parasites)

Five members of the genus infect humans. They are as follows:

A

○ Plasmodium falciparum
○ Plasmodium vivax
○ Plasmodium ovale
○ Plasmodium malariae
○ Plasmodium knowlesi

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11
Q

Plasmodium Overview

It is the most virulent among all Plasmodium and most prevalent in PH

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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12
Q

Plasmodium Overview

Malaria is prevalent where in PH?

A

Palawan

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13
Q

Plasmodium Overview

is also found in neighboring Asian countries

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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14
Q

Plasmodium Overview

It is also prevalent in Africa

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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15
Q

Plasmodium Overview

It is most prevalent worldwide and most wide spread

A

Plasmodium vivax

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16
Q

Plasmodium Overview

It is the least common and least pathogenic; found in west Africa and South Pacific

A

Plasmodium ovale

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17
Q

Plasmodium Overview

It is found in subtropical areas and temperate areas; some cases in the Philippines

A

Plasmodium malariae

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18
Q

Plasmodium Overview

It is zoonotic, meaning, it primarily infects animals
(monkeys).

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

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19
Q

Plasmodium Overview

Plasmodium knowlesi,
Aside from being a causative agent of Malaria among
monkeys, called ___________

A

“Siminian Malaria”

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19
Q

Plasmodium Overview

It is now considered capable of infecting humans.

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

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20
Q

Plasmodium Overview

Plasmodium knowlesi have cases in ________

A

Southeast Asia (Malaysia and Philippines)

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21
Q

Plasmodium Overview

There are cases of knowlesi in the __________ province

A

Palawan

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22
Q

Generalities

Undergoes alternating sexual (called __________) and
asexual stages (called _______) in its life cycle

A
  • sporogony
  • schizogony
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23
Q

Generalities

Sporogony will happen in the ________

A

final host

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24
Q

Generalities

Schizogony will happen in the

A

intermediate
host

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25
Q

Generalities

Transmitted by the bite of a mosquito called _________

A

Female Anopheles Mosquito

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26
Q

Generalities

when does the Female Anopheles mosquito bite?

A

night

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27
Q

Generalities

In the Philippines, the primary vector that
transmits malaria is the __________

A

Female Anopheles
minimus flavirostris

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28
Q

Generalities

What gender of mosquitoes are able to
bite humans and other animals

A

Female

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28
Q

Generalities

Female Anopheles
minimus flavirostris prefers breeding in __________ where there is less pollution and slow flowing streams.

A

forested areas

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29
Q

Generalities

The female mosquito would need blood for their _________

A

ovulation process

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30
Q

Generalities

when does
mosquito transmits the infection

A

During the blood meal

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31
Q

Generalities

Intermediate Host

A

Man

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32
Q

Generalities

Final Host

A

Mosquito

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33
Q

Generalities

Habitat

A

Liver and RBC of Humans

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34
Q

Generalities

Infective Stage to
Mosquito

A

Gametocytes

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35
Q

Generalities

Infective Stage to
Man (transmission
stage)

A

Sporozoites

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36
Q

Generalities

Mode of
Transmission

A
  • Mosquito Bite
  • Blood Transfusion
  • Congenital
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37
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

The sporozoite is a foreign substance to the human body; in order for it to survive and not
be destroyed by the immune system, within ________, the sporozoite will hide or find its
way to the liver cells.

A

30-40 mins

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38
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

Inside the liver cells, the sporozoites will undergo ______

A

asexual reproduction

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39
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

Eventually, the schizont inside the liver cell will rupture to release the merozoites. They may be three scenarios that could happen:

A
  1. release of merozoites can infect other liver cells
    2.They will be then called dormant/inactive stages (hypnozoites).
    3.Merozoites would find its way to the bloodstream
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40
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

hypnozoites are possible in the life cycle of ________ and _______

A

Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale.

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41
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

Once the merozoite infects the RBC, it would metabolize substances of the RBC such as:

A
  • iron
  • hemoglobin
  • sugar
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42
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

It is called ring form because of the presence
of a _________ and _____________
when seen in the microscope

A
  • ring of cytoplasm
  • chromatin dot
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43
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

The changes of gametocytes into gametes depend on the ______ and ___________ in the gut
of the mosquito

A
  • temperature
  • pH
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44
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

where does gametocytes transform into gametes (microgametes and macrogametes)

A

gastrointestinal tract of mosquito

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45
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

A gut of a mosquito has a ________ pH and ______ temperature.

A
  • higher
  • lower
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46
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

In the case of microgamete will undergo _________, meaning, flagella are released.

A

exflagellation

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47
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

how many flagella are released during exflagellation of microgamete

A

Eight (8)

48
Q

Plasmodium Life Cyclev

the process where The microgamete and macrogamete will fuse together as their sexual reproduction

A

sporogony

49
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

The fusion of these two gametes will form the _________

A

Zygote

50
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

This zygote will become an elongated and motile structure, which is eventually called the _______

A

ookinete

51
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

penetrates the gut of the mosquito.

A

ookinete

52
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

Once the ookinete penetrates the gut, it will now become the ________

A

oocyst

53
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

is a more rounded structure that contains sporozoites.

A

oocyst

54
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

This oocyst will find its way in the ________ and ________ and will burst and release sporozoite.

A
  • salivary gland
  • proboscis
55
Q

Plasmodium Life Cycle

straw-like; elongated structure in a
mosquito

A

proboscis

56
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Primary mosquito vector in the country

A

Anopheles minimus flavirostris

57
Q

Vectors of Malaria

peak biting time of Anopheles minimus flavirostris

A

10pm - 2am

58
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Anthropophilic and zoophilic

A
  • Anopheles minimus flavirostris
  • Anopheles litoralis
59
Q

Vectors of Malaria

this means it bites man

A

Anthropophilic

60
Q

Vectors of Malaria

this means it bites animals

A

Zoophilic

61
Q

Vectors of Malaria

bites indoors
and outdoors

A

Anopheles minimus flavirostris

62
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Transmits malaria in hilly or in high altitudes

A

Anopheles maculatus

63
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Prefers sunlight

A

Anopheles maculatus

64
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Zoophilic (bites animals)

A

Anopheles maculatus

65
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Transmits malaria in coastal areas

A

Anopheles litoralis

66
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Larvae breeds in salt or brackish (salt and fresh mix ) waters

A

Anopheles litoralis

67
Q

Vectors of Malaria

prefer biting outdoors

A
  • Anopheles litoralis
  • Anopheles maculatus
68
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Prefer breeding in forest fringe (edge/laylayan) areas

A

Anopheles mangyanus

69
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Quite similar to A. flavirostris

A

Anopheles mangyanus

70
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Forest species

A

Anopheles balabacensis

71
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Prefer biting man (anthropophilic)

A

Anopheles balabacensis

72
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Larvae found in stagnant water, hoof prints, and dug wells

A

Anopheles balabacensis

73
Q

Vectors of Malaria

The secondary vector of Malaria in the country

A

Anopheles balabacensis

74
Q

Vectors of Malaria

The primary mosquito vector in Africa

A

Anopheles gambiae

75
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Best mosquito vector

A

Anopheles gambiae

76
Q

Vectors of Malaria

have longer lifespan, meaning,
more chances of transmitting parasites to humans.

A

Anopheles gambiae

76
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Primarily bites humans (Anthropophilic)

A

Anopheles gambiae

77
Q

Vectors of Malaria

Breeding areas are near areas where humans live

A

Anopheles gambiae

78
Q

Diagnosis of Malaria

What kind of blood are colleceted

A

capillary
blood

79
Q

Diagnosis of Malaria

Process:

A

(1) collect capillary blood
(2) prepare thick and thin smear
(3) stain with giemsa stain

80
Q

Diagnosis of Malaria

Diagnostic stages:

A
  • The ring form
  • trophozoite stage
  • schizont
  • gametocytes
81
Q

Plasmodium Species

It causes Malignant Tertian Malaria

A

Plasmodium falciparum

82
Q

Malignant: Most virulent

A

Plasmodium falciparum

83
Q

Plasmodium falciparum Paroxysmal cycle

A

Tertian: (36-48 hours)

84
Q

In an active case of malaria, an infected patient will experience ________.

A

paroxysms

85
Q

Paroxysms is a phase where patients will experience a sequential phase of (in this particular order):

A

■ Chills
■ Fever
■ Sweating/Diaphoresis

86
Q

infects all forms of RBC.

A

Plasmodium falciparum

87
Q

The appearance/presence of schizont in a blood smear indicates poor prognosis

A

Plasmodium falciparum Schizont

87
Q

The size of the infected RBC is still normal.

A

Plasmodium falciparum

88
Q

In Plasmodium falciparum, The gametocyte will grow and
develop inside the RBC, and eventually destroy the RBC. The remnant of the RBC is called the _______

A

Laveran bib

88
Q

Causes Benign Tertian Malaria

A

Plasmodium vivax

89
Q

Paroxysms cycle of Plasmodium vivax

A

Tertian: 44-48 hours

90
Q

The parasite prefers infecting young RBCs

A
  • Plasmodium vivax
  • Plasmodium ovale
91
Q

These young RBCs are called _________

A

reticulocytes

92
Q

Quartan Malaria

A

Plasmodium malariae

93
Q

Paroxysmal cycle of Paroxysmal cycle

A

Quartan: 72 hours

94
Q

Prefers to infect old RBCs

A

old RBCs

95
Q

These old RBCs are called

A

senescent RBCs

96
Q

Mostly are trophozoites and schizont are found, there are few rings and gametocytes

A

Plasmodium malariae

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Parasitology lec (24 decks)

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