Tissue Flashcards
4 fundamental types of tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
diverse group that includes:
- surface
- glands/solid organs
Epithelial tissue
Forms the outer covering of the skin and outer covering of some internal organs
Epithelial tissue
Also lines body cavities, blood vessels, ducts, and the interiors of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
Epithelial tissue
Surface exposed to a body cavity, lining of an internal organ, or the exterior of the body
Apical surface
Epithelial tissue that is Deep to the surface
Basal surface
Face cells on either side
Lateral surfaces
Function of epithelial tissue
- protection
- secretion
- absorption
Cell shapes
- squamous cells
- cuboidal cells
- columnar cells
thin, and this allows for the rapid passage of substances through them
Squamous cells
as tall as they are wide and are shaped like cubes or hexagons. They may have microvilli at their apical surface and function in either secretion or absorption.
Cuboidal cells
much taller than they are wide, like columns, and protect underlying tissues. Their apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli, and they often are specialized for secretion and absorption.
Columnar cells
3 types of epithelial tissue
Simple, stratified, transitional
Type of epithelial tissue which is composed of a single layer of identical cells
Simple
Type of epithelial tissue that consists of layers
Stratified
(simple epithelium)
◦ Rectangular-shaped
◦ Alimentary tract
◦ Absorption, secretion
◦ Goblet cells
Simple columnar
(stratified epithelium)
◦ Wet surfaces
◦ Lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, vagina
Non-keratinized
(stratified epithelium)
* Dry surfaces
◦ Wear and tear
◦ Skin, hair, nails
Keratinized
(simple epithelium)
With fine hair-like processes – CILIA
◦ Movement
◦ Respiratory passages
Simple ciliated
A ___ may consist of one cell or a group of highly specialized epithelial cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood
gland
Glands are either _____ or ____
Endocrine or exocrine
_______ enter the interstitial fluid and then diffuse into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct. These secretions are called ______
Endocrine glands, hormones
_______ secrete their products into ducts that empty at the surface of covering and lining epithelium such as the skin surface or the lumen of a hollow organ
Exocrine glands
◦ One of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body
Connective tissue
◦ Connective tissue consists of two basic elements: ____ and _______
cells, extracellular matrix
______ is the material between its widely spaced cells and consists of protein
Extracellular matrix
Functions of connective tissue
- Supporting tissue, providing general structure, mechanical strength, space filling, etc.
Connective tissue cells
Fibroblasts
Adipocytes (fat cells)
Macrophages
Mast cells
Plasma cells
are large, flat cells with branching processes. They are present in several connective tissues, and usually are the most numerous.
Fibroblasts
Also known as fat cells
Adipocytes
Are phagocytes that develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell
Macrophages
Are involved in the inflammatory response and also kill bacteria
Mast cells
Important part of the body’s immune response
Plasma cells
________ in the extracellular matrix strengthen and support connective tissues
Fibers
- Very strong and resist pulling forces, but they are not stiff,
which promotes tissue flexibility.
◦ These fibers often occur in bundles lying parallel to one
another
Collagen fibers
◦ Smaller in diameter than collagen fibers, branch and join together to form a network within a tissue
◦ Consists of molecules of a protein called elastin surrounded by a glycoprotein named fibrillin
◦ Strong and can be stretched up to 1½ times their relaxed length without breaking.
Elastic fibers
◦ Consist of collagen and a coating of glycoprotein
◦ Provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form branching networks around fat cells, nerve fibers, and skeletal and smooth muscle cells
◦ Provide support and strength
◦ Form the stroma (supporting framework) of many soft organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes
Reticular fibers
◦ Component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers
Ground substance
Types of loose connective tissue are:
◦ Areolar
◦ Adipose tissue
◦ Reticular
Loosely arranged among the many cells
Loose connective tissue
Contains more numerous, thicker, and denser
fibers (more closely packed)
Dense connective tissue
Three types of dense connective tissue
Dense regular
◦ Dense irregular
Connective tissue types
◦Fibrous tissue
◦Elastic tissue
◦Blood
◦Lymphoid
◦Bone
◦Cartilage
◦Adipose
◦ Elongated cells called muscle fibers that are highly specialized to generate force
◦ Produces motion, maintains posture, and generates heat
Muscle tissue
3 Classification of muscle tissue
- Skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
is named for its location- it is usually attached to the bones of the skeleton.
Skeletal muscle tissue
forms the bulk of the wall of
the heart.
Cardiac muscle tissue
____ is located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to the lungs, the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and urinary bladder.
Smooth muscle tissue
◦ Large, elongated multinucleated cells,
◦ Multiple peripherally situated nuclei
◦ Voluntary muscle
◦ Arranged in fascicles with endomysium, perimysium and epimysium
◦ Cross-striations due to organization of myofibrils
◦ Sliding filament mechanism of contraction
Skeletal muscle
◦ Elongated branching cells, joined by intercalated discs
◦ Single central nucleus typical, some cells binucleated
◦ Involuntary muscle, spontaneously contractile, autonomic modulation
◦ Branching interconnected cells, functional syncytium
◦ Cross-striations due to organization of myofibrils
◦ Sliding filament mechanism of contraction
Cardiac muscle
◦ Small cells, fusiform shape
◦ Single central nucleus
◦Involuntary, autonomic innervation
◦ Surrounding network of collagen
◦No striations
◦ Cells shorten and broaden on contraction
Smooth muscles
◦Nervous system provides rapid and precise communication
◦ Between different parts of the body
Nervous tissue
◦Action of specialized nerve cells : _____
neurons
Functions
◦Gather and process information
◦Generate appropriate response signals.
Nervous tissue
Non-excitable cells
Supporting cells
Two main parts of nervous system
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
◦ Brain
◦ Spinal cord - Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
◦Nerves
◦ Run between CNS and other tissues
◦Ganglia
◦ Nerve ‘relay stations’
____(tissue) has a poor capacity for repair.
Muscular tissue
____ (tissue) has the worst capacity for
repair of damaged cells
Nervous tissue
_______ have a continuous capacity for repair.
Epithelial cells
Some ______, such as bone, repair easily while other _____, such as
cartilage, repair less readily.
connective tissues
◦ _____ is the process that replaces worn-out,
damaged, or dead cells.
Tissue repair
(type of epithelium)
◦ Pear-shaped cell
◦ Urinary system
◦ Stretches as urine
passes
Transitional epithelium
if fibroblasts need to come in to repair the tissue, they synthesize materials that aggregate to form scar tissue, a process known as ____.
fibrosis
