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Bwiset na ANA PHY LEC na 'to > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Living Structural and functional unit that is enclosed by a membrane

A

Cell

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2
Q

3 main parts of a cell

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
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3
Q

Forms a cell’s flexible outer surface, separating the cell’s internal environment from its external environment

A

Plasma membrane

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4
Q

Regulates the flow of materials into and out of a cell to maintain the appropriate environment for normal cellular activities

A

Plasma membrane

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5
Q

Plays a key role in communication among cells and between cells and their external environment

A

Plasma membrane

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6
Q

Basic framework of plasma membrane?

A
  • Lipid bilayer
  • proteins
  • Selectively permeable
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7
Q

What is the Lipid bilayer made up of?

A

Two tail to tail layers made up of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids

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8
Q

Two types of (membrane) proteins

A

Integral
peripheral

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9
Q

Protein that…
- extend through the lipid bilayer
- allow small and medium sized water-soluble materials to cross the membrane

A

Integral

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10
Q

Protein that…
- loosely attached to the exterior or interior surface of the membrane

A

Peripheral

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11
Q

Framework of plasma membrane that….
- allows some substances to move into and out of the cell but restricts the passage of other substances

A

Selectively permeable

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12
Q

Framework of plasma membrane that….
- not permeable to ions and large, uncharged polar molecules such as glucose and amino acids

A

Selectively permeable

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13
Q

[type of body fluid] fluid in body cells

A

intracellular fluid (ICF)

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14
Q

[type of body fluid] Fluid outside cells

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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14
Q

[type of body fluid] ECF between cells in tissues

A

Interstitial fluid

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15
Q

[type of body fluid] ECF in blood vessels

A

Blood plasma

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15
Q

[type of body fluid] ECF in lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph

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15
Q

[type of body fluid] Surrounds the brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

[type of body fluid] Any material dissolved in a fluid

A

Solute

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17
Q

[type of body fluid] Fluid that dissolves materials

A

Solvent

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18
Q

Two methods for substances to move across the plasma membrane

A

Passive processes
Active processes

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19
Q

In this process, substance moves down its concentration gradient through the membrane, using only its own energy of motion (kinetic energy)

A

Passive processes

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20
Q

In this process, cellular energy, usually in the form of ATP, is used to “push” the substance through the membrane “uphill” against its concentration gradient

A

Active processes

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21
Q

movement of substances down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached; do not require cellular energy in the form of ATP

A

Passive process

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22
Q

Passive movement of a substance through the Lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane

A

Simple diffusion

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22
Q

Movement of substance by kinetic energy down a concentration graduate until equilibrium is reached

A

Diffusion

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23
Q

Passive movement of a substance down its concentration gradient aided by ion channels and carriers

A

Facilitated diffusion

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24
Q

Movement of water molecules across a Selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

A

Osmosis

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25
Q

Movement of substances against a concentration gradient; requires cellular energy in the form of ATP

A

Active processes

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26
Q

Transport in which cells expends energy to move a substance across the membrane against in concentration gradient aided by membrane proteins that act as pumps; these integral membrane proteins use energy supplied by ATP

A

Active transport

27
Q

Movement of substances into or out of a cell in vesicles that bud from the plasma membrane; requires energy supplied by ATP

A

Transport in vesicles

28
Q

Movement of substances into a cell in vesicles

A

Endocytosis

29
Q

“cell eating”; movement of a solid particle into a cell after pseudopods engulf it

A

Phagocytosis

30
Q

“cell drinking ; movement of extracellular fluid into a cell by infolding of plasma membrane

A

Bulk-phase endocytosis

31
Q

Movement of substances out of a cell in secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid

A

Exocytosis

32
Q

Composed of a Lipid bilayer consisting of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids with various proteins inserted; surrounds cytoplasm

A

Plasma membrane

33
Q

Protects cellular contents; make contact with other cells; contains channels, transporters, receptors, enzymes, and cell identity makes; mediates the entry and exit of substances

A

Plasma membrane

34
Q

Cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus, including cytosol and organelles

A

Cytoplasm

35
Q

Site of all intracellular activities except those occurring in the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

36
Q

Composed of water, solutes, suspended particles, Lipid droplets, and glycogen granules

A

Cytosol

37
Q

Liquid in which many of the cell’s chemical reactions occur

A

Cytosol

38
Q

A network in the cytoplasm composed of three protein filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

A

Cytoskeleton

39
Q

Maintains shape and general organization of cellular contents; responsible for cell movements

A

Cytoskeleton

40
Q

Specialized cellular structures with characteristic shapes and specific functions

A

Organelles

41
Q

Paired centrioles plus pericentriolar material

A

Centrosome

42
Q

Motile cell surface projections with inner core of microtubules

A

Cillia and flagella

43
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

44
Q

Site of synthesis of glycoproteins and phospholipids

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

45
Q

Site of fatty acid and steroid synthesis

A

Smooth ER

46
Q

Accepts proteins from rough ER

A

Golgi complex

47
Q

Vesicle formed from golgi complex

A

Lysosome

48
Q

Vesicle containing oxidative enzymes

A

Peroxisome

49
Q

Tiny barrel-shaped structure that contains proteases, enzymes that cut proteins

A

Proteasome

50
Q

Consists of outer and inner membranes, cristae, and matrix. Site of reactions that produce most of a cell’s ATP

A

Mitochondrion

51
Q

Consists of nuclear envelope with pores, nucleoli, and chomatin (or chromosomes)

A

Nucleus

52
Q

Contains genes, which control cellular structure, and direct most cellular activities

A

Nucleus

53
Q

Within _______, chemical reactions of aerobic cellular respiration general ATP

A

Mitochondria

54
Q

________ determine the physical and chemical characteristics of cells

A

Protein

55
Q

Two steps in protein synthesis

A

Transcription, translation

56
Q
  • occurs in the nucleus
  • generic information in the DNA base is copied into a complementary sequence of codons in a strand of DNA
  • catalyzed by RNA polymerase
A

Transcription

57
Q

Three kinds of RNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

58
Q

Process in which mRNA associates with robisomes

A

Translation

59
Q

Directs synthesis of a protein by converting the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acid

A

Translation

60
Q

Process whereby cells reproduce themselves

A

Cell division

61
Q

As body cells become damages, diseased, or worn out, they are replaced by ______

A

Cell division

62
Q

Two types of cell division

A

Meiosis, somatic cell division

63
Q

Process that produces gametes - sperm and oocytes

A

Meiosis

64
Q

Process where cells divides into two identical cells

A

Somatic cell division

65
Q

Sequence of changes that a cell undergoes from the time it forms until it duplicates its contents and divides into two cells

A

Cell cycle

66
Q

Two major periods of cell cycle

A

Interphase, mitotic phase

67
Q
  • when a cell is not dividing
  • cell replicates its DNA
A

Interphase

68
Q
  • when a cell is dividing
  • division of the nucleus and cytoplasm into two cells
A

Mitotic phase

69
Q

Mitotic process is divided into 4 stages which are?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Bwiset na ANA PHY LEC na 'to (8 decks)

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