JOINT Flashcards
A point of contact between bones, between cartilages and bones, or between teeth and bone
Joint
Also known as articulation
Joint
Scientific study of joints
Arthrology
Study of motion of the human body
Kinesiology
A joint’s ______determines its combination of strength and flexibility
Structure
Structural classification of joints
- fibrous joints
- cartilaginous joints
- synovial joints
- types of movement
- type of synovial joint
Functional classification of joints
- Synarthrosis
- Amphiarthrosis
- diarthrosis
______ classification of joints relates to the degree of movement they permit
Functional
An immovable joint
Synarthrosis
A slightly immovable joint
Amphiarthrosis
A freely movable joint
Diarthrosis
Structural classification of joints is based on two criteria:
- Presence or absence of space between articulating bones (synovial cavity)
- type of connective tissue holding the bones together
No synovial cavity and bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue
Fibrous joint
No synovial cavity and the bones are held together by cartilage
Cartilaginous joints
United by the dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule, and often by ligaments
Synovial joints
____ permit little or no movement.
Fibrous joints
The three types of fibrous joints are
(1) syndesmoses
(2) sutures
(3) interosseous membranes
joint permits limited movement
(distal tibia and fibula) and gomphosis (dentoalveolar joint)
Syndesmosis
– fibrous joint that may be a slightly movable or immovable (found between skull bones)
Suture
– permits slight movement (between the radius and ulna and tibia and fibula)
Interosseous membranes
Like a fibrous joint, a _____ allows little or no movement.
cartilaginous joint
the articulating bones in cartilaginous joint are tightly connected by either ____ cartilage or____.
hyaline, fibrocartilage
The two types of cartilaginous joints are?
- Synchondrosis
- Symphysis
an immovable joint (epiphyseal plate)
Synchondrosis
a slightly movable joint (pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints)
Symphysis
The unique characteristic of a synovial joint is the presence of a space called a _____ between the
articulating bones
synovial (joint) cavity
The synovial cavity allows a joint to be ______
freely movable
The synovial membrane secretes _______, which forms a thin, viscous film over the surfaces within the articular capsule
synovial fluid
The synovial membrane secretes
synovial fluid, which forms a thin, viscous film over the surfaces within the _____
articular capsule
____ are saclike structures, similar in structure to joint capsules, that reduce friction in joints such as the shoulder and knee joints.
Bursae
____ is a simple movement, the nearly flat surfaces of bones move back-and-forth and side-to-side.
Gliding
_______, there is an increase or decrease in the angle between bones (flexion-extension, hyperextension, abduction-adduction, and circumduction).
Angular movements
_____, is where a bone moves around its own
longitudinal axis.
Rotation
_______ occur only at certain joints in the body. Examples: elevation-depression, protraction-retraction, inversion–eversion, dorsiflexion plantar flexion, supination-pronation, opposition.
Special movements
6 subtypes of synovial joint
- plane
- hinge
- pivot
- condyloid
- saddle
- ball-and-socket
The articulating surfaces are flat, and the bones glide back-and-forth and sideto-side (many are biaxial); they may also permit rotation (triaxial).
Plane (planar) Joints
Examples of plane joints are
the joints between ____
and the joints between
_____.
carpals, tarsals
The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another, and the motion is angular around one axis (uniaxial); examples are the elbow, knee (a modified hinge joint), and ankle joints.
Hinge joints
A round or pointed surface of one bone fits into a ring formed by
another bone and a ligament, and movement is rotational (uniaxial); examples are the atlantoaxial and radioulnar joints
Pivot joints
an oval projection of one bone fits into an oval cavity of another, and motion is angular around two axes (biaxial); examples include the wrist joint and metacarpophalangeal joints of digits #2–5.
Condyloid Joints
The articular surface of one bone is shaped like a saddle and the other bone fits into the “saddle” like a sitting rider; motion is angular around two axes (biaxial). An example is the carpometacarpal joint between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb (digit #1).
Saddle joints
the ball-shaped surface of one bone fits into the cuplike depression of another; motion is around three axes (triaxial). Examples include the shoulder and hip joints
ball-and-socket joints
The ______ is the
largest and most complex
joint in the body (complex
hinge)
knee joint
It contains an articular capsule, several ligaments within and around the outside of the joint, menisci, and bursae
Knee joint
2 articulation of knee joints
- patellofemoral
- tibiofemoral
____ refers to the surgical replacement of severely damaged natural joints with artificial joints.
Arthroplasty
usually results in decreased production of synovial fluid in joints. In addition, the articular cartilage becomes thinner with age, and ligaments shorten and lose some of their flexibility. The effects of aging on joints are influenced by genetic factors and by wear and tear and vary from one person to another.
Aging
Most individuals experience some _____ in the knees, elbows, hips, and shoulders due to the aging process
degeneration
