Respiratory System Flashcards
- CONSISTS OF THE LUNGS AND A SERIES OF PASSAGES
- INTAKE OF OXYGEN BY BLOOD AND TO ELIMINATE CARBON DIOXIDE
Respiratory System
Portion of the respiratory system that warms, humidifies, or cleans the air
Conducting portion
Portion of the respiratory system that is responsible where the exchange of gasses takes place
Respiratory portion
- GAS EXCHANGES BETWEEN THE BLOOD AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OCCUR ONLY IN THE ________
ALVEOLI OF THE LUNGS
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INCLUDES PASSAGEWAYS FROM THE _____ to ______
NOSE TO LARYNX
- LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INCLUDES PASSAGEWAYS FROM _______
TRACHEA TO ALVEOLI
PASSAGEWAYS TO THE _____ PURIFY, HUMIDIFY, AND WARM THE INCOMING AIR
LUNGS
Respiratory epithelium is ______
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED WITH GOBLET CELLS
5 cells in the respiratory epithelium
- ciliated columnar cells
- mucus goblet cells
- brush cells
- basal cells
- small granule cells
Most abundant cell; for ciliary beating
Ciliated columnar cells
Apical portion of these cells contain polysaccharide rich mucous droplet
mucus goblet cell
columnar cells with numerous microvilli
* immature cells
* sensory/receptor cells
brush cells
small rounded cells that lie on the basal lamina but do not extend to the luminal surface of the epithelium
basal cells
the only externally visible part of the respiratory system
nose
the route through which air enters the nose
Nostrils (nares)
interior of the nose
nasal cavity
divides the nasal cavity
nasal septum
Olfactory receptors are located in _______
mucosa on the superior surface
The rest of the cavity is lined with _______ which moistens air, traps incoming particles, enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria chemically
Respiratory mucosa
Projections from the lateral walls that increase surface area, air turbulence within the nasal cavity, and increase trapping of inhaled particles
conchae
separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
palate
Part of the palate that is anterior and supported by bone
hard palate
part of the palate that is posterior and unsupported
soft palate
Cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
- lighten the skull
- acts as resonance chambers for speech
- produce mucus
sinuses
- most dilated, anterior portion
- lined by stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium
- LP: dense connective tissue
- contains sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles
Vestibule
- olfactory mucosa
- roof of nasal fossa
- receptor organ for smell
- LE: PSCCE without GC
- no distinct basal lamina
- 3 types of cell: olfactory, basal, and supporting/sustencular cells
- LP: Bowman’s glands
Olfactory region
- Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
- thick basement membrane
- LP: Serous and mucous tubuloalveolar glands
- Cavernous plexuses
- mucoperiosteum or mucoperichondrium (adherent to the perichondrium of the cartilage beneath
Respiratory region
- COMMONLY CALLED THE THROAT
- MUSCULAR PASSAGEWAY FROM NASAL CAVITY TO LARYNX
- CONTINUOUS WITH THE POSTERIOR NASAL APERTURE
Pharynx
Region of the pharynx that is the superior region behind nasal cavity
nasopharynx
region of the pharynx that is the middle region behind the mouth
Oropharynx
region of the larynx that is the inferior region attached to the larynx
Laryngopharynx
These two serves as common passageway for air and food
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
This routes food into the posterior tube, the esophagus
Epiglottis
this tubes open into the nasopharynx and drains the middle ear
Pharyngotympanic tubes
CLUSTERS OF LYMPHATIC TISSUE THAT PLAY A ROLE IN PROTECTING THE BODY FROM INFECTION
tonsils
A SINGLE TONSIL, IS LOCATED
IN THE NASOPHARYNX
PHARYNGEAL TONSIL (ADENOID)
LOCATED IN THE OROPHARYNX AT
THE END OF THE SOFT PALATE
- PALATINE TONSILS (2)
FOUND AT THE BASE OF THE TONGUE
Lingual tonsils (2)
- COMMONLY CALLED THE VOICE BOX
- FUNCTIONS
- ROUTES AIR AND FOOD INTO PROPER CHANNELS
- PLAYS A ROLE IN SPEECH
- LOCATED INFERIOR TO THE PHARYNX
- MADE OF EIGHT RIGID HYALINE CARTILAGES
- THYROID CARTILAGE (ADAM’S APPLE) IS THE LARGEST
Larynx
- SPOON-SHAPED FLAP OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE
- PROTECTS THE SUPERIOR OPENING OF THE LARYNX
- ROUTES FOOD TO THE POSTERIORLY SITUATED ESOPHAGUS AND ROUTES AIR TOWARD THE TRACHEA
- DURING SWALLOWING, THIS RISES AND FORMS A LID OVER THE OPENING OF THE LARYNX
Epiglottis
- EXTENDS FROM THE LARYNGEAL INLET ABOVE AND VESTIBULAR FOLDS BELOW
- LARYNGEAL VESTIBULE (upper part of the larynx)
- BETWEEN THE VESTIBULAR FOLDS ABOVE AND THE TRUE VOCAL CORD BELOW
- LARYNGEAL VENTRICLE (middle portion of the larynx)
- VOCALIS MUSCLES AND VOCALIS LIGAMENT
vocal cords (lower portion of the larynx)
2 folds of the mucosa
- false vocal cords (vestibular folds)
- true vocal cords (vocal cords)
(folds)
* UPPER PART
* RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
* LP: LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH ELASTIC FIBERS, LYMPHOCYTES AND LYMPHATIC NODULES
* LARYNGEAL GLANDS OF MIXED SECRETION
False vocal cords (vestibular folds)
(folds)
* LOWER PART
* STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NON-CORNIFIED EPITHELIUM
* LP: ALMOST INDISTINCT AND CONTAINS A VOCAL LIGAMENT
(ELASTIC)
* VOCALIS MUSCLE
True vocal cords (vocal folds)
3 paired laryngeal cartilages
- ARYTHENOID
- CORNICULATE
- CUNEIFORM
3 unpaired laryngeal cartilages
- THYROID
- CRICOID
- EPIGLOTTIS
- COMMONLY CALLED THE WINDPIPE
- 4-INCH-LONG TUBE THAT CONNECTS TO THE LARYNX
- WALLS ARE REINFORCED WITH C-SHAPED RINGS OF HYALINE CARTILAGE, WHICH KEEPS IT PATENT (OPEN)
- LINED WITH CILIATED MUCOSA
Trachea
- THIN WALLED TUBE
- BIFURCATES INTO 2 PRIMARY BRONCHI
Trachea
- 16- 20 C-SHAPED HYALINE CARTILAGES
- PERICHONDRIUM SURROUNDS THE CARTILAGES
- POSTERIORLY, THE GAP BETWEEN THE ENDS OF
CARTILAGES IS SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS TERMED
THE TRACHEALIS MUSCLES - TUNICA ADVENTITIA IS LCT
TRACHEA
- FORMED BY DIVISION OF THE TRACHEA
- EACH BRONCHUS ENTERS THE LUNG AT THE HILUM
(MEDIAL DEPRESSION)
MAIN BRONCHI
______ IS WIDER, SHORTER, AND STRAIGHTER
RIGHT BRONCHUS
OCCUPY THE ENTIRE THORACIC CAVITY EXCEPT FOR THE
CENTRAL MEDIASTINUM
LUNGS
APEX OF EACH LUNG IS NEAR ________
THE CLAVICLE (SUPERIOR PORTION)
BASE OF THE LUNGS RESTS ON THE ______
diaphragm
how many lobes in the left lung?
2
how many lobes in the right lung?
3 lobes
______ covers the outer surface of the lungs
serosa
______ covers the lung surface
pulmonary (visceral) pleura
________ lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
parietal pleura
fills the area between layers of the lungs:
* allows the lungs to glide over the thorax
* decreases the friction during breathing
pleural fluid
This is more of a potential space
pleural space (between the layers)
________ BRONCHI SUBDIVIDE INTO SMALLER AND SMALLER BRANCHES
Main
THE NETWORK OF BRANCHING PASSAGEWAYS
Bronchial (respiratory) tree
ALL BUT THE ______ HAVE REINFORCING CARTILAGE IN THE WALLS
SMALLEST PASSAGEWAYS
CONDUITS TO AND FROM THE RESPIRATORY ZONE
Bronchial tree
The smallest conducting passageways
Bronchioles
- MAIN BRONCHUS
- ENTERS ROOT OF LUNGS
- THEN SECONDARY
- LE: RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
EXTRAPULMONARY BRONCHI
BRONCHI WITHIN THE LUNGS
INTRAPULMONARY
- MUCOSA: PSCCE WITH GC, LP: LCT
- SUBMUCOSA: BRONCHIAL GLANDS, BV’S, LT’S
- ADVENTITIA
- LCT, BV’S, N’S, LV’S
INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS
- IRREGULAR HYALINE CARTILAGES; BROKEN PLATES OF CARTILAGES
FIBROCARTILAGENOUS COAT (WITHIN THE INTREPULMONARY BRONCHUS)
- 1MM OR LESS IN DIAMETER
- NO MORE CARTILAGES
- NO SECRETING GLANDS AND LYMPHATIC NODULES
- MUCOSA
- SUBMUCOSA AND ADVENTITIA
BRONCHIOLES
- DUE TO ____, THE SUBMUCOSA AND ADVENTITIA ARE NO LONGER SHARPLY DEMARCATED
- FUSED APPEARING AS A CONTINUOUS LAYER OF AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONTAINING BV’S, LV’S, N’S
DISAPPEARANCE OF CARTILAGE PLATES
- 0.5 MM OR LESS IN DIAMETER
- LE: SIMPLE CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM WITHOUT GOBLET CELLS
- NO CARTILAGES AND GLANDS
- HAS A SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYER THAT IS CONTINUOUS WITH LESS MUCOSAL FOLDS COMPARED TO BRONCHIOLES
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
- LE: SIMPLE NON-CILIATED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
- CLARA CELLS
respiratory brochioles
- NON-CILIATED CUBOIDAL CELLS
- SECRETORY
- NON-CILIATED BRONCHIOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS
- SECRETORY PRODUCTS OF THESE CELLS ARE ANALOGOUS TO THE SURFACTANT OF THE ALVEOLI.
- SMOOTH MUSCLES AND ELASTIC FIBERS ARE WELL DEVELOPED
clara cells
- THIN-WALLED TUBES
- DISCONTINUOUS WALLS GIVES OFF BRANCHES
- LE: SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
alveolar ducts
- THIN-WALLED OUTPOCKETINGS
- CLUSTERS OF TWO OR MORE ALVEOLI
- LE: SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
alveolar sacs
communication between duct and sac
atrium
- THIN WALLED OUTPOCKETINGS
- LINE THE ALVEOLAR SACS, ALVEOLAR DUCTS AND RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
*INTERCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN BLOOD AND AIR - ARE CONSIDERED THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF THE LUNGS
- LE: SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
PULMONARY ALVEOLI
- SQUAMOUS OR FLATTENED CELLS
- FORM THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE ALVEOLAR SURFACES
- HAVE JUNCTIONAL ATTACHMENTS LATERALLY WITH EACH OTHER OR WITH TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS.
- FUNCTION: INVOLVED IN GAS EXCHANGE
- TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS (SMALL ALVEOLAR CELLS/ PNEUMOCYTE TYPE I)
- CUBOIDAL CELLS
- SECRETES SURFACTANT WHICH LOWERS THE SURFACE TENSION
- CELLS CONTAIN SECRETORY GRANULES AT ITS SUPRANUCLEAR PORTION
- TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS (GREAT ALVEOLAR CELLS/SEPTAL CELLS/PNEUMOCYTE TYPE II)
- TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES LEAD INTO RESPIRATORY ZONE STRUCTURES AND TERMINATE IN _____
ALVEOLI
- RESPIRATORY ZONE INCLUDES THE:
- RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
- ALVEOLAR DUCTS
- ALVEOLAR SACS
- ALVEOLI (AIR SACS)—THE ONLY SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE
- CONDUCTING ZONE STRUCTURES INCLUDE __________
ALL OTHER PASSAGEWAYS
THE ALVEOLAR SEPTUM WHERE GASES MUST PASS IN
EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE AIR AND BLOOD
blood-air barrier
- ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM
*INTERSTITIAL SPACE - FUSED BASEMENT MEMBRANE
- CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM
3 layers of the blood-air barrier
- FREE PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
- CONTAIN PARTICLES OF DUST
- DUST CELLS
- IN CONGESTION, THEY BECOME FILLED WITH HEMOSIDERIN PIGMENTS
- HEART FAILURE CELLS
- GRANULES RESULTING FROM THE PHAGOCYTOSIS AND DEGENERATION OF BLOOD PIGMENTS
Alveolar macrophages
- SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS LARGELY COMPOSE THE WALLS
- ALVEOLAR PORES CONNECT NEIGHBORING AIR SACS
Alveoli
______ COVER EXTERNAL SURFACES OF ALVEOLI
PULMONARY CAPILLARIES
- ON ONE SIDE OF THE MEMBRANE IS AIR, AND ON THE OTHER SIDE IS BLOOD FLOWING PAST
- FORMED BY ALVEOLAR AND CAPILLARY WALLS
- GAS CROSSES BY DIFFUSION
- OXYGEN ENTERS THE BLOOD
- CARBON DIOXIDE ENTERS THE ALVEOLI
respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier)
4 distinct events of respiration
- PULMONARY VENTILATION
- EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
- RESPIRATORY GAS TRANSPORT
- INTERNAL RESPIRATION
functions of the respiratory system
- supply the body with oxygen
- dispose of carbon dioxide
MOVING AIR INTO AND OUT OF THE LUNGS (COMMONLY CALLED
BREATHING)
pulmonary ventilation
GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN PULMONARY BLOOD AND ALVEOLI
* OXYGEN IS LOADED INTO THE BLOOD
* CARBON DIOXIDE IS UNLOADED FROM THE BLOOD
External respiration
TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE VIA THE BLOODSTREAM
Respiratory gas transport
GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN BLOOD AND TISSUE CELLS IN SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES
Internal respiration
- MECHANICAL PROCESS THAT DEPENDS ON VOLUME CHANGES IN THE THORACIC CAVITY
- VOLUME CHANGES LEAD TO PRESSURE CHANGES, WHICH LEAD TO THE FLOW OF GASES TO EQUALIZE PRESSURE
pulmonary ventilation
2 phases of pulmonary ventilation
- inspiration
- expiration
2 phases of pulmonary ventilation: inhalation, flow of air into lungs
inspiration
2 phases of pulmonary ventilation: exhalation, air leaving the lungs
Expiration
- DIAPHRAGM AND EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES CONTRACT
- INTRAPULMONARY VOLUME INCREASES
- GAS PRESSURE DECREASES
- AIR FLOWS INTO THE LUNGS UNTIL INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE EQUALS ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Inspiration (inhalation)
- LARGELY A PASSIVE PROCESS THAT DEPENDS ON NATURAL LUNG ELASTICITY
- INTRAPULMONARY VOLUME DECREASES
- GAS PRESSURE INCREASES
- GASES PASSIVELY FLOW OUT TO EQUALIZE THE PRESSURE
- FORCED EXPIRATION CAN OCCUR MOSTLY BY CONTRACTION OF INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES TO DEPRESS THE RIB CAGE
Expiration (exhalation)
- THE PRESSURE WITHIN THE PLEURAL SPACE IS ALWAYS NEGATIVE
- MAJOR FACTOR PREVENTING LUNG COLLAPSE
- IF ______ EQUALS ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, THE LUNGS RECOIL AND COLLAPSE
INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE
4 factors affecting respiratory capacity
- size
- sex
- age
- physical condition
- NORMAL QUIET BREATHING
- 500 ML OF AIR IS MOVED IN/OUT OF LUNGS WITH EACH BREATH
Tidal volume (TV)
- AIR THAT ACTUALLY REACHES THE RESPIRATORY ZONE
- USUALLY ABOUT 350 ML
Functional volume
- AIR THAT REMAINS IN CONDUCTING ZONE AND NEVER REACHES ALVEOLI
- ABOUT 150 ML
DEAD SPACE VOLUME
- AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE TAKEN IN FORCIBLY OVER THE TIDAL VOLUME
- USUALLY AROUND 3,100 ML
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
- AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE FORCIBLY EXHALED AFTER A TIDAL EXPIRATION
- APPROXIMATELY 1,200 ML
Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV)
- AIR REMAINING IN LUNG AFTER EXPIRATION
- CANNOT BE VOLUNTARILY EXHALED
- ALLOWS GAS EXCHANGE TO GO ON CONTINUOUSLY, EVEN BETWEEN BREATHS, AND HELPS KEEP ALVEOLI OPEN (INFLATED)
- ABOUT 1,200 ML
Residual volume
- THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF EXCHANGEABLE AIR
- ________ = TV + IRV + ERV
- 4,800 ML IN MEN; 3,100 ML IN WOMEN
VITAL CAPACITY
- CAN BE CAUSED BY REFLEXES OR VOLUNTARY ACTIONS
Non-respiratory air movements
non-respiratory air movements: clears lungs of debris
cough and sneeze
non-respiratory air movements: emotionally induced mechanism
crying
non-respiratory air movements: similar to crying
laughing
non-respiratory air movements: sudden inspiration
hiccup
non-respiratory air movements: very deep inspiration
yawn
Taking a deep breath, closing glottis, and air forcing superiorly from lungs against glottis. Then glottis open suddenly, and a blast of air rushes upward. ____ act to clear the lower respiratory passageways
cough
similar to a cough, except that air expelled is directed through nasal cavities instead of through oral cavity. the uvula, a dangling tag of tissue hanging from the soft palate, becomes depressed and closes oral cavity off from pharynx, routing air through ansal cavities. ____ clear upper respiratory passages.
sneeze
inspiration followed by release of air in a number of short expirations. Primarily an emotionally induced mechanism
crying
essentially same as crying in terms of air movements produce. Also an emotionally induced response
laughing
Sudden inspiration resulting from spasms of diaphragm; initiated by irritation of diaphragm or phrenic nerves, which serve diaphragm. The sound occurs when inspired air hits vocal folds of closed glottis
hiccups
very deep inspiration, taken with jaws wide open; ventilates all alveoli (some alveoli may remain collapse during normal quiet breathing)
yawn
_______ are monitored with a stethoscope
respiratory sounds
2 recognizable respiratory sounds
- bronchial sounds
- vesicular breathing sounds
PRODUCED BY AIR RUSHING THROUGH LARGE PASSAGEWAYS SUCH AS THE TRACHEA AND BRONCHI
brochial sounds
soft sounds of air filling alveoli
vesicular breathing sounds
GAS EXCHANGES OCCUR AS A RESULT OF _______
DIFFUSION
_________ IS AN EXCHANGE OF GASES OCCURRING BETWEEN
THE ALVEOLI AND PULMONARY BLOOD (PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE)
external respiration
___ is an exchange of gases occurring between the blood and tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange)
internal respiration
_____ is towards the area of lower concentration
movement of the gas (gas transport)
- OXYGEN IS LOADED INTO THE BLOOD
- OXYGEN DIFFUSES FROM THE OXYGEN-RICH AIR OF THE ALVEOLI TO THE OXYGEN-POOR BLOOD OF THE PULMONARY CAPILLARIES
- CARBON DIOXIDE IS UNLOADED OUT OF THE BLOOD
- CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSES FROM THE BLOOD OF THE
PULMONARY CAPILLARIES TO THE ALVEOLI
external respiration
- OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD
- MOST OXYGEN TRAVELS ATTACHED TO HEMOGLOBIN AND FORMS OXYHEMOGLOBIN (HBO2)
- A SMALL DISSOLVED AMOUNT IS CARRIED IN THE PLASMA
gas transport in the blood
- MOST CARBON DIOXIDE IS TRANSPORTED IN THE PLASMA AS BICARBONATE ION (HCO3–)
- A SMALL AMOUNT IS CARRIED INSIDE RED BLOOD CELLS ON HEMOGLOBIN, BUT AT DIFFERENT BINDING SITES FROM THOSE OF OXYGEN
carbon dioxide transport in the blood
- FOR CARBON DIOXIDE TO DIFFUSE OUT OF BLOOD INTO THE ALVEOLI, IT MUST BE RELEASED FROM ITS _____ FORM
BICARBONATE
- EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN BLOOD AND TISSUE CELLS
- AN OPPOSITE REACTION FROM WHAT OCCURS IN THE LUNGS
internal respiration
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood is called ____
loading
oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue is called ____
unloading
3 types of control of respiration
- neural regulation
- normal respiratory rate (eupnea)
- hyperpnea
This sets basic rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker (self-exciting inspiratory center) called the ventral respiratory group (VRG)
Medulla
this smooths out the respiratory rate
pons
This refers to the setting of the basic rhythm of respiration
Neural regulation
Refers to the normal respiratory rate, consisting of 12 to 15 respirations per minute
normal respiratory rate/eupnea
refers to increased respiratory rate, often due to extra oxygen needs
hyperpnea
Non-neural factors influencing respiratory rate and depth
- physical factors
- volition (conscious control)
- emotional factors such as fear, anger, and excitement
- chemical factors:
- changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by ______ in the aorta and common carotid artery
- information is sent to the ____
- ____ is the stimulus for those whose systems have become accustomed to high levels of CO2 as a result of disease
- chemoreceptor
- medulla
- oxygen
- rising levels of CO2 in the blood (acidosis) result in faster, deeper breathing
- exhale more CO2 to elevate blood pH
- may result in apnea and dizziness and lead to alkalosis
hyperventilation
(disease)
* exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema
* shared features of these diseases: (1) patients almost always have a history of smoking, (2) labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively worse, (3) coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common, (4) most patients are hypoxic, retain carbon dioxide and have respiratory acidosis, and ultimately develop respiratory failure
Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- MUCOSA OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY PASSAGES BECOMES SEVERELY INFLAMED
- EXCESSIVE MUCUS PRODUCTION IMPAIRS VENTILATION AND GAS EXCHANGE
- PATIENTS BECOME CYANOTIC AND ARE SOMETIMES CALLED “BLUE BLOATERS” AS A RESULT OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND CARBON DIOXIDE RETENTION
chronic bronchitis
(disease)
* alveoli walls are destroyed; remaining alveoli enlarge
* chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, and lungs lose elasticity
* patients use a large amount of energy to exhale; some air remains in the lungs
* sufferers are often called “pink puffers” bc oxygen exchange is efficient
* overinflation of the lungs leads to permanently expanded barrel chest
* cyanosis appears late in the disease
Emphysema
- LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER DEATH FOR MEN AND WOMEN
- NEARLY 90 PERCENT OF CASES RESULT FROM SMOKING
- AGGRESSIVE CANCER THAT METASTASIZES RAPIDLY
- THREE COMMON TYPES
1. ADENOCARCINOMA
2. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
3. SMALL CELL CARCINOMA
Lung cancer
- LUNGS DO NOT FULLY INFLATE UNTIL_____
2 WEEKS AFTER BIRTH
respiratory rate in newborns
40 to 80 respirations per minute
respiratory rate in infants
30 respirations per minute
respiratory rate in age 5
25 respirations per min
respiratory rate in adults
12 to 18 respirations epr min
respiratory rate in old age
rate often increases again in old age
- CHRONICALLY INFLAMED, HYPERSENSITIVE BRONCHIOLE PASSAGES
- RESPOND TO IRRITANTS WITH DYSPNEA, COUGHING, AND WHEEZING
- RESPOND TO BRONCHODILATOR
bronchial asthma
MOST RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PROBLEMS ARE A RESULT OF EXTERNAL FACTORS, SUCH AS INFECTIONS AND SUBSTANCES THAT PHYSICALLY BLOCK RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS
developmental aspects of the respiratory system in youth and middle age
- elasticity of lungs decreases
- vital capacity decreases
- blood oxygen level decrease
- stimulating effects of CO2 decrease
- elderly are often hypoxic and exhibit sleep apnea
- more risks of respiratory tract infection
Aging effects
