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Paawat ka na ANA PHY LEC pls > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q
  • CONSISTS OF THE LUNGS AND A SERIES OF PASSAGES
  • INTAKE OF OXYGEN BY BLOOD AND TO ELIMINATE CARBON DIOXIDE
A

Respiratory System

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2
Q

Portion of the respiratory system that warms, humidifies, or cleans the air

A

Conducting portion

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3
Q

Portion of the respiratory system that is responsible where the exchange of gasses takes place

A

Respiratory portion

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4
Q
  • GAS EXCHANGES BETWEEN THE BLOOD AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OCCUR ONLY IN THE ________
A

ALVEOLI OF THE LUNGS

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5
Q

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INCLUDES PASSAGEWAYS FROM THE _____ to ______

A

NOSE TO LARYNX

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6
Q
  • LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INCLUDES PASSAGEWAYS FROM _______
A

TRACHEA TO ALVEOLI

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7
Q

PASSAGEWAYS TO THE _____ PURIFY, HUMIDIFY, AND WARM THE INCOMING AIR

A

LUNGS

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8
Q

Respiratory epithelium is ______

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED WITH GOBLET CELLS

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9
Q

5 cells in the respiratory epithelium

A
  • ciliated columnar cells
  • mucus goblet cells
  • brush cells
  • basal cells
  • small granule cells
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10
Q

Most abundant cell; for ciliary beating

A

Ciliated columnar cells

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11
Q

Apical portion of these cells contain polysaccharide rich mucous droplet

A

mucus goblet cell

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12
Q

columnar cells with numerous microvilli
* immature cells
* sensory/receptor cells

A

brush cells

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13
Q

small rounded cells that lie on the basal lamina but do not extend to the luminal surface of the epithelium

A

basal cells

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14
Q

the only externally visible part of the respiratory system

A

nose

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15
Q

the route through which air enters the nose

A

Nostrils (nares)

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16
Q

interior of the nose

A

nasal cavity

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17
Q

divides the nasal cavity

A

nasal septum

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18
Q

Olfactory receptors are located in _______

A

mucosa on the superior surface

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19
Q

The rest of the cavity is lined with _______ which moistens air, traps incoming particles, enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria chemically

A

Respiratory mucosa

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20
Q

Projections from the lateral walls that increase surface area, air turbulence within the nasal cavity, and increase trapping of inhaled particles

A

conchae

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21
Q

separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

A

palate

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22
Q

Part of the palate that is anterior and supported by bone

A

hard palate

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23
Q

part of the palate that is posterior and unsupported

A

soft palate

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24
Q

Cavities within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones surrounding the nasal cavity

A

Paranasal sinuses

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25
Q
  • lighten the skull
  • acts as resonance chambers for speech
  • produce mucus
A

sinuses

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26
Q
  • most dilated, anterior portion
  • lined by stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium
  • LP: dense connective tissue
  • contains sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles
A

Vestibule

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27
Q
  • olfactory mucosa
  • roof of nasal fossa
  • receptor organ for smell
  • LE: PSCCE without GC
  • no distinct basal lamina
  • 3 types of cell: olfactory, basal, and supporting/sustencular cells
  • LP: Bowman’s glands
A

Olfactory region

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28
Q
  • Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
  • thick basement membrane
  • LP: Serous and mucous tubuloalveolar glands
  • Cavernous plexuses
  • mucoperiosteum or mucoperichondrium (adherent to the perichondrium of the cartilage beneath
A

Respiratory region

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29
Q
  • COMMONLY CALLED THE THROAT
  • MUSCULAR PASSAGEWAY FROM NASAL CAVITY TO LARYNX
  • CONTINUOUS WITH THE POSTERIOR NASAL APERTURE
A

Pharynx

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30
Q

Region of the pharynx that is the superior region behind nasal cavity

A

nasopharynx

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31
Q

region of the pharynx that is the middle region behind the mouth

A

Oropharynx

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32
Q

region of the larynx that is the inferior region attached to the larynx

A

Laryngopharynx

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33
Q

These two serves as common passageway for air and food

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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34
Q

This routes food into the posterior tube, the esophagus

A

Epiglottis

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35
Q

this tubes open into the nasopharynx and drains the middle ear

A

Pharyngotympanic tubes

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36
Q

CLUSTERS OF LYMPHATIC TISSUE THAT PLAY A ROLE IN PROTECTING THE BODY FROM INFECTION

A

tonsils

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37
Q

A SINGLE TONSIL, IS LOCATED
IN THE NASOPHARYNX

A

PHARYNGEAL TONSIL (ADENOID)

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38
Q

LOCATED IN THE OROPHARYNX AT
THE END OF THE SOFT PALATE

A
  • PALATINE TONSILS (2)
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39
Q

FOUND AT THE BASE OF THE TONGUE

A

Lingual tonsils (2)

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40
Q
  • COMMONLY CALLED THE VOICE BOX
  • FUNCTIONS
  • ROUTES AIR AND FOOD INTO PROPER CHANNELS
  • PLAYS A ROLE IN SPEECH
  • LOCATED INFERIOR TO THE PHARYNX
  • MADE OF EIGHT RIGID HYALINE CARTILAGES
  • THYROID CARTILAGE (ADAM’S APPLE) IS THE LARGEST
A

Larynx

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41
Q
  • SPOON-SHAPED FLAP OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE
  • PROTECTS THE SUPERIOR OPENING OF THE LARYNX
  • ROUTES FOOD TO THE POSTERIORLY SITUATED ESOPHAGUS AND ROUTES AIR TOWARD THE TRACHEA
  • DURING SWALLOWING, THIS RISES AND FORMS A LID OVER THE OPENING OF THE LARYNX
A

Epiglottis

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42
Q
  • EXTENDS FROM THE LARYNGEAL INLET ABOVE AND VESTIBULAR FOLDS BELOW
A
  • LARYNGEAL VESTIBULE (upper part of the larynx)
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43
Q
  • BETWEEN THE VESTIBULAR FOLDS ABOVE AND THE TRUE VOCAL CORD BELOW
A
  • LARYNGEAL VENTRICLE (middle portion of the larynx)
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44
Q
  • VOCALIS MUSCLES AND VOCALIS LIGAMENT
A

vocal cords (lower portion of the larynx)

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45
Q

2 folds of the mucosa

A
  • false vocal cords (vestibular folds)
  • true vocal cords (vocal cords)
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45
Q

(folds)
* UPPER PART
* RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
* LP: LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH ELASTIC FIBERS, LYMPHOCYTES AND LYMPHATIC NODULES
* LARYNGEAL GLANDS OF MIXED SECRETION

A

False vocal cords (vestibular folds)

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46
Q

(folds)
* LOWER PART
* STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NON-CORNIFIED EPITHELIUM
* LP: ALMOST INDISTINCT AND CONTAINS A VOCAL LIGAMENT
(ELASTIC)
* VOCALIS MUSCLE

A

True vocal cords (vocal folds)

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47
Q

3 paired laryngeal cartilages

A
  • ARYTHENOID
  • CORNICULATE
  • CUNEIFORM
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48
Q

3 unpaired laryngeal cartilages

A
  • THYROID
  • CRICOID
  • EPIGLOTTIS
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49
Q
  • COMMONLY CALLED THE WINDPIPE
  • 4-INCH-LONG TUBE THAT CONNECTS TO THE LARYNX
  • WALLS ARE REINFORCED WITH C-SHAPED RINGS OF HYALINE CARTILAGE, WHICH KEEPS IT PATENT (OPEN)
  • LINED WITH CILIATED MUCOSA
A

Trachea

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50
Q
  • THIN WALLED TUBE
  • BIFURCATES INTO 2 PRIMARY BRONCHI
A

Trachea

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51
Q
  • 16- 20 C-SHAPED HYALINE CARTILAGES
  • PERICHONDRIUM SURROUNDS THE CARTILAGES
  • POSTERIORLY, THE GAP BETWEEN THE ENDS OF
    CARTILAGES IS SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS TERMED
    THE TRACHEALIS MUSCLES
  • TUNICA ADVENTITIA IS LCT
A

TRACHEA

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52
Q
  • FORMED BY DIVISION OF THE TRACHEA
  • EACH BRONCHUS ENTERS THE LUNG AT THE HILUM
    (MEDIAL DEPRESSION)
A

MAIN BRONCHI

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53
Q

______ IS WIDER, SHORTER, AND STRAIGHTER

A

RIGHT BRONCHUS

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54
Q

OCCUPY THE ENTIRE THORACIC CAVITY EXCEPT FOR THE
CENTRAL MEDIASTINUM

A

LUNGS

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55
Q

APEX OF EACH LUNG IS NEAR ________

A

THE CLAVICLE (SUPERIOR PORTION)

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56
Q

BASE OF THE LUNGS RESTS ON THE ______

A

diaphragm

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57
Q

how many lobes in the left lung?

A

2

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58
Q

how many lobes in the right lung?

A

3 lobes

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59
Q

______ covers the outer surface of the lungs

A

serosa

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60
Q

______ covers the lung surface

A

pulmonary (visceral) pleura

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61
Q

________ lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

A

parietal pleura

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62
Q

fills the area between layers of the lungs:
* allows the lungs to glide over the thorax
* decreases the friction during breathing

A

pleural fluid

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63
Q

This is more of a potential space

A

pleural space (between the layers)

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64
Q

________ BRONCHI SUBDIVIDE INTO SMALLER AND SMALLER BRANCHES

A

Main

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65
Q

THE NETWORK OF BRANCHING PASSAGEWAYS

A

Bronchial (respiratory) tree

66
Q

ALL BUT THE ______ HAVE REINFORCING CARTILAGE IN THE WALLS

A

SMALLEST PASSAGEWAYS

67
Q

CONDUITS TO AND FROM THE RESPIRATORY ZONE

A

Bronchial tree

68
Q

The smallest conducting passageways

A

Bronchioles

69
Q
  • MAIN BRONCHUS
  • ENTERS ROOT OF LUNGS
  • THEN SECONDARY
  • LE: RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
A

EXTRAPULMONARY BRONCHI

70
Q

BRONCHI WITHIN THE LUNGS

A

INTRAPULMONARY

71
Q
  • MUCOSA: PSCCE WITH GC, LP: LCT
  • SUBMUCOSA: BRONCHIAL GLANDS, BV’S, LT’S
  • ADVENTITIA
  • LCT, BV’S, N’S, LV’S
A

INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS

72
Q
  • IRREGULAR HYALINE CARTILAGES; BROKEN PLATES OF CARTILAGES
A

FIBROCARTILAGENOUS COAT (WITHIN THE INTREPULMONARY BRONCHUS)

73
Q
  • 1MM OR LESS IN DIAMETER
  • NO MORE CARTILAGES
  • NO SECRETING GLANDS AND LYMPHATIC NODULES
  • MUCOSA
  • SUBMUCOSA AND ADVENTITIA
A

BRONCHIOLES

74
Q
  • DUE TO ____, THE SUBMUCOSA AND ADVENTITIA ARE NO LONGER SHARPLY DEMARCATED
  • FUSED APPEARING AS A CONTINUOUS LAYER OF AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONTAINING BV’S, LV’S, N’S
A

DISAPPEARANCE OF CARTILAGE PLATES

75
Q
  • 0.5 MM OR LESS IN DIAMETER
  • LE: SIMPLE CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM WITHOUT GOBLET CELLS
  • NO CARTILAGES AND GLANDS
  • HAS A SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYER THAT IS CONTINUOUS WITH LESS MUCOSAL FOLDS COMPARED TO BRONCHIOLES
A

TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

76
Q
  • LE: SIMPLE NON-CILIATED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
  • CLARA CELLS
A

respiratory brochioles

77
Q
  • NON-CILIATED CUBOIDAL CELLS
  • SECRETORY
  • NON-CILIATED BRONCHIOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS
  • SECRETORY PRODUCTS OF THESE CELLS ARE ANALOGOUS TO THE SURFACTANT OF THE ALVEOLI.
  • SMOOTH MUSCLES AND ELASTIC FIBERS ARE WELL DEVELOPED
A

clara cells

78
Q
  • THIN-WALLED TUBES
  • DISCONTINUOUS WALLS GIVES OFF BRANCHES
  • LE: SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
A

alveolar ducts

79
Q
  • THIN-WALLED OUTPOCKETINGS
  • CLUSTERS OF TWO OR MORE ALVEOLI
  • LE: SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
A

alveolar sacs

80
Q

communication between duct and sac

A

atrium

81
Q
  • THIN WALLED OUTPOCKETINGS
  • LINE THE ALVEOLAR SACS, ALVEOLAR DUCTS AND RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
    *INTERCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN BLOOD AND AIR
  • ARE CONSIDERED THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF THE LUNGS
  • LE: SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
A

PULMONARY ALVEOLI

82
Q
  • SQUAMOUS OR FLATTENED CELLS
  • FORM THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE ALVEOLAR SURFACES
  • HAVE JUNCTIONAL ATTACHMENTS LATERALLY WITH EACH OTHER OR WITH TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS.
  • FUNCTION: INVOLVED IN GAS EXCHANGE
A
  • TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS (SMALL ALVEOLAR CELLS/ PNEUMOCYTE TYPE I)
83
Q
  • CUBOIDAL CELLS
  • SECRETES SURFACTANT WHICH LOWERS THE SURFACE TENSION
  • CELLS CONTAIN SECRETORY GRANULES AT ITS SUPRANUCLEAR PORTION
A
  • TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELLS (GREAT ALVEOLAR CELLS/SEPTAL CELLS/PNEUMOCYTE TYPE II)
84
Q
  • TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES LEAD INTO RESPIRATORY ZONE STRUCTURES AND TERMINATE IN _____
A

ALVEOLI

85
Q
  • RESPIRATORY ZONE INCLUDES THE:
A
  • RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
  • ALVEOLAR DUCTS
  • ALVEOLAR SACS
  • ALVEOLI (AIR SACS)—THE ONLY SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE
86
Q
  • CONDUCTING ZONE STRUCTURES INCLUDE __________
A

ALL OTHER PASSAGEWAYS

87
Q

THE ALVEOLAR SEPTUM WHERE GASES MUST PASS IN
EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE AIR AND BLOOD

A

blood-air barrier

88
Q
  • ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM
    *INTERSTITIAL SPACE
  • FUSED BASEMENT MEMBRANE
  • CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM
A

3 layers of the blood-air barrier

89
Q
  • FREE PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
  • CONTAIN PARTICLES OF DUST
  • DUST CELLS
  • IN CONGESTION, THEY BECOME FILLED WITH HEMOSIDERIN PIGMENTS
  • HEART FAILURE CELLS
  • GRANULES RESULTING FROM THE PHAGOCYTOSIS AND DEGENERATION OF BLOOD PIGMENTS
A

Alveolar macrophages

90
Q
  • SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS LARGELY COMPOSE THE WALLS
  • ALVEOLAR PORES CONNECT NEIGHBORING AIR SACS
A

Alveoli

91
Q

______ COVER EXTERNAL SURFACES OF ALVEOLI

A

PULMONARY CAPILLARIES

92
Q
  • ON ONE SIDE OF THE MEMBRANE IS AIR, AND ON THE OTHER SIDE IS BLOOD FLOWING PAST
  • FORMED BY ALVEOLAR AND CAPILLARY WALLS
  • GAS CROSSES BY DIFFUSION
  • OXYGEN ENTERS THE BLOOD
  • CARBON DIOXIDE ENTERS THE ALVEOLI
A

respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier)

93
Q

4 distinct events of respiration

A
  • PULMONARY VENTILATION
  • EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
  • RESPIRATORY GAS TRANSPORT
  • INTERNAL RESPIRATION
94
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A
  • supply the body with oxygen
  • dispose of carbon dioxide
95
Q

MOVING AIR INTO AND OUT OF THE LUNGS (COMMONLY CALLED
BREATHING)

A

pulmonary ventilation

96
Q

GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN PULMONARY BLOOD AND ALVEOLI
* OXYGEN IS LOADED INTO THE BLOOD
* CARBON DIOXIDE IS UNLOADED FROM THE BLOOD

A

External respiration

97
Q

TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE VIA THE BLOODSTREAM

A

Respiratory gas transport

98
Q

GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN BLOOD AND TISSUE CELLS IN SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES

A

Internal respiration

99
Q
  • MECHANICAL PROCESS THAT DEPENDS ON VOLUME CHANGES IN THE THORACIC CAVITY
  • VOLUME CHANGES LEAD TO PRESSURE CHANGES, WHICH LEAD TO THE FLOW OF GASES TO EQUALIZE PRESSURE
A

pulmonary ventilation

100
Q

2 phases of pulmonary ventilation

A
  • inspiration
  • expiration
101
Q

2 phases of pulmonary ventilation: inhalation, flow of air into lungs

A

inspiration

102
Q

2 phases of pulmonary ventilation: exhalation, air leaving the lungs

A

Expiration

103
Q
  • DIAPHRAGM AND EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES CONTRACT
  • INTRAPULMONARY VOLUME INCREASES
  • GAS PRESSURE DECREASES
  • AIR FLOWS INTO THE LUNGS UNTIL INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE EQUALS ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
A

Inspiration (inhalation)

104
Q
  • LARGELY A PASSIVE PROCESS THAT DEPENDS ON NATURAL LUNG ELASTICITY
  • INTRAPULMONARY VOLUME DECREASES
  • GAS PRESSURE INCREASES
  • GASES PASSIVELY FLOW OUT TO EQUALIZE THE PRESSURE
  • FORCED EXPIRATION CAN OCCUR MOSTLY BY CONTRACTION OF INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES TO DEPRESS THE RIB CAGE
A

Expiration (exhalation)

105
Q
  • THE PRESSURE WITHIN THE PLEURAL SPACE IS ALWAYS NEGATIVE
  • MAJOR FACTOR PREVENTING LUNG COLLAPSE
  • IF ______ EQUALS ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, THE LUNGS RECOIL AND COLLAPSE
A

INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE

106
Q

4 factors affecting respiratory capacity

A
  • size
  • sex
  • age
  • physical condition
107
Q
  • NORMAL QUIET BREATHING
  • 500 ML OF AIR IS MOVED IN/OUT OF LUNGS WITH EACH BREATH
A

Tidal volume (TV)

108
Q
  • AIR THAT ACTUALLY REACHES THE RESPIRATORY ZONE
  • USUALLY ABOUT 350 ML
A

Functional volume

109
Q
  • AIR THAT REMAINS IN CONDUCTING ZONE AND NEVER REACHES ALVEOLI
  • ABOUT 150 ML
A

DEAD SPACE VOLUME

110
Q
  • AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE TAKEN IN FORCIBLY OVER THE TIDAL VOLUME
  • USUALLY AROUND 3,100 ML
A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

111
Q
  • AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE FORCIBLY EXHALED AFTER A TIDAL EXPIRATION
  • APPROXIMATELY 1,200 ML
A

Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV)

112
Q
  • AIR REMAINING IN LUNG AFTER EXPIRATION
  • CANNOT BE VOLUNTARILY EXHALED
  • ALLOWS GAS EXCHANGE TO GO ON CONTINUOUSLY, EVEN BETWEEN BREATHS, AND HELPS KEEP ALVEOLI OPEN (INFLATED)
  • ABOUT 1,200 ML
A

Residual volume

113
Q
  • THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF EXCHANGEABLE AIR
  • ________ = TV + IRV + ERV
  • 4,800 ML IN MEN; 3,100 ML IN WOMEN
A

VITAL CAPACITY

114
Q
  • CAN BE CAUSED BY REFLEXES OR VOLUNTARY ACTIONS
A

Non-respiratory air movements

115
Q

non-respiratory air movements: clears lungs of debris

A

cough and sneeze

116
Q

non-respiratory air movements: emotionally induced mechanism

A

crying

117
Q

non-respiratory air movements: similar to crying

A

laughing

118
Q

non-respiratory air movements: sudden inspiration

A

hiccup

119
Q

non-respiratory air movements: very deep inspiration

A

yawn

120
Q

Taking a deep breath, closing glottis, and air forcing superiorly from lungs against glottis. Then glottis open suddenly, and a blast of air rushes upward. ____ act to clear the lower respiratory passageways

A

cough

121
Q

similar to a cough, except that air expelled is directed through nasal cavities instead of through oral cavity. the uvula, a dangling tag of tissue hanging from the soft palate, becomes depressed and closes oral cavity off from pharynx, routing air through ansal cavities. ____ clear upper respiratory passages.

A

sneeze

122
Q

inspiration followed by release of air in a number of short expirations. Primarily an emotionally induced mechanism

A

crying

123
Q

essentially same as crying in terms of air movements produce. Also an emotionally induced response

A

laughing

124
Q

Sudden inspiration resulting from spasms of diaphragm; initiated by irritation of diaphragm or phrenic nerves, which serve diaphragm. The sound occurs when inspired air hits vocal folds of closed glottis

A

hiccups

125
Q

very deep inspiration, taken with jaws wide open; ventilates all alveoli (some alveoli may remain collapse during normal quiet breathing)

A

yawn

126
Q

_______ are monitored with a stethoscope

A

respiratory sounds

127
Q

2 recognizable respiratory sounds

A
  • bronchial sounds
  • vesicular breathing sounds
128
Q

PRODUCED BY AIR RUSHING THROUGH LARGE PASSAGEWAYS SUCH AS THE TRACHEA AND BRONCHI

A

brochial sounds

129
Q

soft sounds of air filling alveoli

A

vesicular breathing sounds

130
Q

GAS EXCHANGES OCCUR AS A RESULT OF _______

A

DIFFUSION

131
Q

_________ IS AN EXCHANGE OF GASES OCCURRING BETWEEN
THE ALVEOLI AND PULMONARY BLOOD (PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE)

A

external respiration

132
Q

___ is an exchange of gases occurring between the blood and tissue cells (systemic capillary gas exchange)

A

internal respiration

133
Q

_____ is towards the area of lower concentration

A

movement of the gas (gas transport)

134
Q
  • OXYGEN IS LOADED INTO THE BLOOD
  • OXYGEN DIFFUSES FROM THE OXYGEN-RICH AIR OF THE ALVEOLI TO THE OXYGEN-POOR BLOOD OF THE PULMONARY CAPILLARIES
  • CARBON DIOXIDE IS UNLOADED OUT OF THE BLOOD
  • CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSES FROM THE BLOOD OF THE
    PULMONARY CAPILLARIES TO THE ALVEOLI
A

external respiration

135
Q
  • OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD
  • MOST OXYGEN TRAVELS ATTACHED TO HEMOGLOBIN AND FORMS OXYHEMOGLOBIN (HBO2)
  • A SMALL DISSOLVED AMOUNT IS CARRIED IN THE PLASMA
A

gas transport in the blood

136
Q
  • MOST CARBON DIOXIDE IS TRANSPORTED IN THE PLASMA AS BICARBONATE ION (HCO3–)
  • A SMALL AMOUNT IS CARRIED INSIDE RED BLOOD CELLS ON HEMOGLOBIN, BUT AT DIFFERENT BINDING SITES FROM THOSE OF OXYGEN
A

carbon dioxide transport in the blood

137
Q
  • FOR CARBON DIOXIDE TO DIFFUSE OUT OF BLOOD INTO THE ALVEOLI, IT MUST BE RELEASED FROM ITS _____ FORM
A

BICARBONATE

138
Q
  • EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN BLOOD AND TISSUE CELLS
  • AN OPPOSITE REACTION FROM WHAT OCCURS IN THE LUNGS
A

internal respiration

139
Q

Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue cells to blood is called ____

A

loading

140
Q

oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue is called ____

A

unloading

141
Q

3 types of control of respiration

A
  • neural regulation
  • normal respiratory rate (eupnea)
  • hyperpnea
142
Q

This sets basic rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker (self-exciting inspiratory center) called the ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A

Medulla

143
Q

this smooths out the respiratory rate

A

pons

144
Q

This refers to the setting of the basic rhythm of respiration

A

Neural regulation

145
Q

Refers to the normal respiratory rate, consisting of 12 to 15 respirations per minute

A

normal respiratory rate/eupnea

146
Q

refers to increased respiratory rate, often due to extra oxygen needs

A

hyperpnea

147
Q

Non-neural factors influencing respiratory rate and depth

A
  • physical factors
  • volition (conscious control)
  • emotional factors such as fear, anger, and excitement
  • chemical factors:
148
Q
  • changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by ______ in the aorta and common carotid artery
  • information is sent to the ____
  • ____ is the stimulus for those whose systems have become accustomed to high levels of CO2 as a result of disease
A
  • chemoreceptor
  • medulla
  • oxygen
149
Q
  • rising levels of CO2 in the blood (acidosis) result in faster, deeper breathing
  • exhale more CO2 to elevate blood pH
  • may result in apnea and dizziness and lead to alkalosis
A

hyperventilation

150
Q

(disease)
* exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema
* shared features of these diseases: (1) patients almost always have a history of smoking, (2) labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively worse, (3) coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common, (4) most patients are hypoxic, retain carbon dioxide and have respiratory acidosis, and ultimately develop respiratory failure

A

Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

151
Q
  • MUCOSA OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY PASSAGES BECOMES SEVERELY INFLAMED
  • EXCESSIVE MUCUS PRODUCTION IMPAIRS VENTILATION AND GAS EXCHANGE
  • PATIENTS BECOME CYANOTIC AND ARE SOMETIMES CALLED “BLUE BLOATERS” AS A RESULT OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND CARBON DIOXIDE RETENTION
A

chronic bronchitis

152
Q

(disease)
* alveoli walls are destroyed; remaining alveoli enlarge
* chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis, and lungs lose elasticity
* patients use a large amount of energy to exhale; some air remains in the lungs
* sufferers are often called “pink puffers” bc oxygen exchange is efficient
* overinflation of the lungs leads to permanently expanded barrel chest
* cyanosis appears late in the disease

A

Emphysema

153
Q
  • LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER DEATH FOR MEN AND WOMEN
  • NEARLY 90 PERCENT OF CASES RESULT FROM SMOKING
  • AGGRESSIVE CANCER THAT METASTASIZES RAPIDLY
  • THREE COMMON TYPES
    1. ADENOCARCINOMA
    2. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
    3. SMALL CELL CARCINOMA
A

Lung cancer

154
Q
  • LUNGS DO NOT FULLY INFLATE UNTIL_____
A

2 WEEKS AFTER BIRTH

155
Q

respiratory rate in newborns

A

40 to 80 respirations per minute

156
Q

respiratory rate in infants

A

30 respirations per minute

157
Q

respiratory rate in age 5

A

25 respirations per min

158
Q

respiratory rate in adults

A

12 to 18 respirations epr min

159
Q

respiratory rate in old age

A

rate often increases again in old age

160
Q
  • CHRONICALLY INFLAMED, HYPERSENSITIVE BRONCHIOLE PASSAGES
  • RESPOND TO IRRITANTS WITH DYSPNEA, COUGHING, AND WHEEZING
  • RESPOND TO BRONCHODILATOR
A

bronchial asthma

161
Q

MOST RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PROBLEMS ARE A RESULT OF EXTERNAL FACTORS, SUCH AS INFECTIONS AND SUBSTANCES THAT PHYSICALLY BLOCK RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS

A

developmental aspects of the respiratory system in youth and middle age

162
Q
  • elasticity of lungs decreases
  • vital capacity decreases
  • blood oxygen level decrease
  • stimulating effects of CO2 decrease
  • elderly are often hypoxic and exhibit sleep apnea
  • more risks of respiratory tract infection
A

Aging effects

Paawat ka na ANA PHY LEC pls (14 decks)

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