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Bwiset na ANA PHY LEC na 'to > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

Slide 65 last stopped

1
Q

Scientific study of muscles

A

Myology

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2
Q

3 types of muscles

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
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3
Q

Striated and voluntary

A

Skeletal muscle

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4
Q

striated and involuntary

A

cardiac muscle

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5
Q

non-striated and involuntary

A

Smooth muscle

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6
Q

4 properties of muscular tissue

A
  • electrical excitability
  • contractility
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
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7
Q

Muscular tissue’s property to respond to stimulus

A

electrical excitability

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8
Q

muscular tissue’s property to shorten

A

contractility

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9
Q

muscular tissue’s property that allows it to be stretched

A

extensibility

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10
Q

Muscular tissue’s property to be able to recoil to original resting length

A

elasticity

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11
Q

Function of MS

A
  • produce body movements
  • stabilizing body positions
  • storing and moving substances within the body
  • thermogenesis
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12
Q

Attached to the bones and moves parts of the skeleton

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

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13
Q
  • Striated
  • Voluntary
  • Limited capacity for regeneration
A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

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14
Q

Alternating light and dark bands

A

Striated

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15
Q

Means Conscious control

A

Voluntary

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16
Q
  • Small number of cells that can undergo cell division
A

Limited capacity for regeneration

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17
Q

Dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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18
Q

Connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle

A

Perimysium

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19
Q

Delicate connective tissue (reticular fibers and basal lamina) that surrounds each muscle cell (fiber)

A

Endomysium

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20
Q

Histology of muscle

A
  • cylindrical muscle fibers parallel to one another (elongated/cylindrical with blunt ends)
  • Multi-nucleated (peripheral [at the sides])
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21
Q

What do you call the plasma membrane in muscles?

A

Sarcolemma

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22
Q

Invaginations of the sarcolemma

A

Transverse tubules

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23
Q

Cytoplasm for muscles?

A

Sarcoplasm

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24
Q

Where synthesis of ATP takes place

A

Glycogen

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25
Q

This binds O2 molecules

A

Myoglobin

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26
Q

Plays a role in muscle contraction

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

This is a filament

A

Myofibrils

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28
Q

Two types of myofibrils

A

Thick filament, thin filament

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29
Q

basic functional unit of striated muscle fibers; separated by Z discs

A

Sarcomeres

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30
Q

extends the entire length of the thick filaments.

A
  • A band
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31
Q

center of each A band

A

H zone

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32
Q

end of each A band; contains the rest of the thin filaments

A
  • I band
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33
Q

necessary for contraction to take place; delivered by a motor neuron

A

Muscle action potential

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34
Q

single motor neuron + the muscle fibers it stimulates

A

Motor Unit

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35
Q

synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

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36
Q

nerve cells that carry action potentials to muscle fibers

A

Motor neuron

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37
Q

end of nerve cell (axon)

A

Presynaptic terminal

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38
Q

muscle fiber membrane

A

Postsynaptic membrane

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39
Q

space between presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane

A
  • Synaptic cleft
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40
Q
  • in presynaptic terminal
  • store and release neurotransmitters
A

Synaptic vesicle

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41
Q
  • chemicals that stimulate or inhibit a muscle
    fiber
  • Ex. Acetylcholine
A

Neurotransmitter

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42
Q

3 sources of ATP production

A
  • creatine phosphate
  • anaerobic glycolysis
  • aerobic respiration (oxidative phosphorylation)
43
Q

– transfer of phosphate molecule to ADP to form new ATP molecule (15 seconds)

A

Creatine phosphate

44
Q

use of glucose to yield 2 ATP(2 minutes)

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

45
Q

prolonged activity (longer than half a minute) uses oxygen to produce ATP (36 ATP from each glucose molecule)

A

Aerobic respiration (oxidative Phosphorylation)

46
Q

_____ is a brief contraction in response to a single
action potential

A

Twitch contraction

47
Q

_____is the increased
strength of a contraction that occurs when a second stimulus arrives before the muscle has completely relaxed after a previous stimulus.

A

Wave summation

48
Q

3 types of skeletal muscle fibers

A
  • slow oxidative (SO) fibers (red fibers)
  • fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers
  • fast glycolytic (FG) fibers (white)
49
Q

Fiber high in myoglobin content, many blood capillaries, large mitochondria

A

Slow oxidative (SO) fibers (Red fibers)

50
Q

Fiber in which aerobic respiration occurs

A

Slow oxidative (SO) fibers (Red fibers)

51
Q

Largest fibers high myoglobin and glycogen content

A

Fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers

52
Q
  • generates ATP by aerobic respiration
  • increased intracellular glycogen level: generate ATP by anaerobic glycolysis
A

Fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers

53
Q

Fiber with low myoglobin content, high glycogen content

A

Fast glycolytic (FG) fibers (White)

54
Q

fiber that generate ATP by glycolysys

A

Fast glycolytic (FG) fibers (White)

55
Q
  • Slow contraction speed.
  • High resistance to fatigue.
  • Primarily aerobic (oxidative) metabolism.
  • Rich in mitochondria, capillaries, and myoglobin (which gives them a red color).
A

Type I Fibers (Slow-Twitch, Oxidative)

56
Q
  • Best suited for endurance activities like long-distance running or cycling.
  • Soleus Muscle: Located in the lower leg, involved in maintaining posture and endurance activities like walking and standing.
  • Erector Spinae: A group of muscles that run along the spine, responsible for maintaining posture and providing stability during slow, sustained activities
A

Type I Fibers (Slow-Twitch, Oxidative)

57
Q
  • Faster contraction speed than Type I fibers.
  • Intermediate resistance to fatigue.
  • Capable of both aerobic (oxidative) and anaerobic (glycolytic) metabolism.
  • Moderate amounts of mitochondria, capillaries, and myoglobin.
A

Type IIa Fibers (Fast-Twitch, Oxidative-Glycolytic)

58
Q
  • Suited for activities that require both power and endurance, such as middledistance running.
  • Quadriceps Femoris (especially the Vastus Lateralis):A muscle group in the thigh that is involved in activities requiring both power and endurance, such as cycling or running.
  • Gastrocnemius Muscle (Intermediate Fibers): This muscle also has __________, contributing to both explosive and moderately sustained activities.
A

Type IIa Fibers (Fast-Twitch, Oxidative-Glycolytic)

59
Q
  • Fastest contraction speed.
  • Low resistance to fatigue.
  • Primarily anaerobic metabolism.
  • Fewer mitochondria, capillaries, and less myoglobin (which gives them a lighter color)
A

Type IIb Fibers (Fast-Twitch, Glycolytic)

60
Q
  • Best suited for short, explosive movements like sprinting or weightlifting.
  • Gastrocnemius Muscle (Fast-twitch Portion): Particularly the lateral head, which is involved in explosive movements like sprinting or jumping.
  • Muscles of the Upper Limb (e.g., Biceps Brachii): Especially in activities like weightlifting, where quick, forceful contractions are required.
A

Type IIb Fibers (Fast-Twitch, Glycolytic)

61
Q

2 types of muscle contraction

A
  • Isotonic contractions
  • Isometric contractions
62
Q
  • In this contraction, Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions
  • The muscle shortens
A

Isotonic contraction

63
Q

In this contraction:
* Tension in the muscle increases
* The muscle is unable to shorten

A

Isometric contractions

64
Q

type of muscle located in the heart

A

cardiac muscle

65
Q
  • Mono or Binucleated centrally located nucleus
  • Exhibits branching (Cylindrical/elongated with branching ends)
A

Cardiac Muscle

66
Q
  • hold the muscle fibers together and allow muscle action potentials to quickly spread from one cardiac muscle fiber to another
A

Intercalated discs

67
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue contracts when stimulated by its own
_____ fibers

A

autorhythmic

68
Q

Cardiac muscle depends greatly on _______ to generate ATP.

A

aerobic cellular respiration

69
Q

Type of muscle found in internal organs and blood vessels

A

Smooth muscle

70
Q
  • found in the walls of hollow viscera and of small blood vessels
A

Visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle tissue

71
Q

found in large blood vessels, large airways to the lungs, arrector pili muscles, and the eye

A

Multiunit smooth muscle tissue

72
Q

Contraction and relaxation longer in ______

A

smooth muscle

73
Q

__________ is a state of continuous partial contraction of smooth muscle tissue

A

Smooth muscle tone

74
Q

Muscle that is fusiform in shape

A

smooth muscle

75
Q

3 parts of a muscle

A
  • origin
  • belly
    *insertion
76
Q
  • Proximal fixed
    attachment
  • nonmovable end
A

origin

77
Q
  • widest portion
  • middle
A

belly

78
Q

*Distal movable attachment
* movable end

A

Insertion

79
Q

7 muscular forms/shape

A
  1. fusiform
  2. quadrate
  3. triangular
  4. unipennate
  5. bipennate
  6. longitudinal
  7. multipennate
80
Q

The greater the length of muscle fibers, the ____ the range of motion

A

wider

81
Q

The greater the number of muscle fibers, the ___and ____ the action of the muscle

A

greater, more powerful

82
Q

4 types of muscles

A
  1. prime mover
  2. antagonist
  3. synergist
  4. fixator
83
Q

muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement

A

prime mover

84
Q

muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover

A

antagonist

85
Q

muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation

A

synergist

86
Q

stabilizes the origin of a prime mover

A

Fixator

87
Q

nomenclature

A

origin and insertion of muscle + shape of muscle + action of the muscle

88
Q

7 major descriptive categories of naming skeletal muscles

A
  • direction of fibers
  • location
  • size
  • number of origins
  • shape
  • origin and insertion
  • action
89
Q

Autoimmune disease that causes chronic, progressive damage to the NMJ (neuromuscular junction)

A

Myasthenia gravis

90
Q

In this clinical disorder, immune system inappropriately produces antibodies that bind and block some ACh receptors

A

Myasthenia gravis

91
Q
  • Weakness of eye muscle (Double vision)
  • Difficulty in swallowing, later chewing and talking
  • Muscle of the limbs may be involved
A

Myasthenia Gravis

92
Q
  • Inherited muscle destroying disease that causes progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers.
  • DUCHENNE MUSCUKAR DYSTROPHY
A

Muscular dystrophy

93
Q
  • X Chromosomes: boys : ages 2 and 5
  • Falls often, difficulty running, jumping
  • 12 y/o unable to walk
  • Respiratory and cardiac failure: 20 and 30 y/o
A

Muscular dystrophy

94
Q
  • Painful, non articular, rheumatic disorder
  • 25 to 50 y/o
  • 15 x more common in women
A

Fibromyalgia

95
Q
  • Affects fibrous connective tissue components of muscle, tendons and ligaments
  • Pain that results from gentle pressure at specific areas “tender points”.
  • Even without pressure, pain, tenderness and stiffness of muscles, tendons and surrounding soft tissues.
A

Fibromyalgia

96
Q

This is s due to increased production of myofibrils, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and other organelles. It results from very forceful, repetitive muscular activity, such as strength training.

A

Muscular hypertrophy

97
Q

This is a decrease in size of individual muscle fibers as a result of progressive loss of myofibrils. Atrophy that occurs because muscles are not used is termed disuse atrophy

A

Muscular atrophy

98
Q

Refers to sudden involuntary contradiction of a single muscle in a large group of muscle

A

Spasm

99
Q

Painful spasmodic contraction

A

Cramp

100
Q

Spasmodic twitching, involuntary

A

Tic

101
Q

Rhythmic, involuntary purposeless contraction that produces a quivering or shaking movements

A

Tremor

102
Q

Involuntary brief twitch of an entire motor unit that is visible under the skin

A

Fasciculations

103
Q

Spontaneous contraction of a single muscle fiber that is not visible under the skin
* destructions of motor neurons

A

Fibrillation

Bwiset na ANA PHY LEC na 'to (8 decks)

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