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Paawat ka na ANA PHY LEC pls > Somatic and Special Senses > Flashcards

Somatic and Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

2 classification of general senses?

A

Somatic senses and visceral senses

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2
Q
  • Conscious or subconscious awareness of changes
    in the external or internal environment.
  • Must satisfy the four conditions.
A

Sensation

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3
Q

Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations and is primarily a function of the cerebral cortex

A

Perception

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4
Q

4 conditions for sensations to occur

A
  • stimulus
  • nerve impulse
  • brain
  • interpreted as sensation
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5
Q

_______ - stimulus getting to the brain
_______ - how the cerebral cortex interprets the sensation

A

Sensation, perception

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6
Q
  • Characteristic of MOST sensory receptors.
  • Decrease in the strength of sensation during prolonged stimulus because of decrease in responsiveness of receptors.
  • Perception of a sensation may fade or disappear even
    though the stimulus persists
A

Adaptation

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7
Q

2 variation of adaptation

A
  • rapidly adapting
  • slowly adapting
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8
Q

Pressure, touch, and smell are what variant of adaptation?

A

Rapidly adapting

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9
Q

pain, body position, and chemical composition of the blood are what variant of adaptation?

A

Slowly adapting

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10
Q

2 classification of receptors are based on?

A

Structure, Function

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11
Q

3 sensory receptors classified by structure

A
  • free nerve ending
  • encapsulated nerve endings
  • separate cells
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12
Q

6 sensory receptors based on function

A
  • mechanoreceptor
  • thermoreceptor
  • nociceptor
  • photoreceptor
  • chemoreceptor
  • osmoreceptor
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13
Q

Corpuscles of touch, hair root plexuses, and type I and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors detect _____

A

Touch

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14
Q

Lamellated corpuscles detect _____

A

pressure and vibration

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15
Q

free nerve endings detect _____

A

tickle and itch sensations

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16
Q

Free nerve endings present in nearly everybody detects _____

A

pain

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17
Q

Free nerve endings in the epidermis and dermis have ______

A

thermoreceptors

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18
Q

_____ is detected by proprioceptors in the skeletal muscles, tendons, synovial joins, inner hair cells

A

proprioception

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19
Q

2 types of cutaneous mechanoreceptors

A
  • Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor
  • Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors
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20
Q
  • Merkel discs/tactile discs
  • Found on fingertips, hands, lips, and external genitalia
A

Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor

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21
Q
  • Ruffini corpuscle
  • Found deep in the dermis, ligaments, and tendons, hands and soles
  • Sensitive to stretching
A

Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors

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22
Q
  • Dermal papillae of the hairless skin
  • Fingertips, hands, eyelids, tip of the tongue, lips, nipples, soles, clitoris, top of the penis
A
  • Corpuscles of Touch (Meissner’s
    Corpuscle)
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23
Q

Found in hairy skin

A

hair root plexuses

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24
Q

3 tactile receptors that detect pressure

A
  • Corpuscles of touch
  • Type I cutaneous
    mechanoreceptors
  • Lamellated (PACINIAN) Corpuscle
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25
Q

2 tactile receptors that detect vibrations

A
  • corpuscles of touch
  • lamellated corpuscles
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26
Q

Corpuscles of touch detect ____ frequency vibration

A

lower

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27
Q

Lamellated corpuscles detect __ frequency vibration

A

higher

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28
Q
  • stimulation of free nerve endings by chemicals
  • Eg: bradykinin – local inflammatory response
A

itch

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29
Q
  • free nerve endings
  • Arises only when someone touches you and not when you touch yourself
A

tickle

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30
Q

Free nerve endings for detecting cold (108 and 408ºC) is in the _____ layer

A

Epidermis

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31
Q

Free nerve endings for detecting warm (328 and 488ºC) is in the _____ layer

A

dermis

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32
Q
  • Extreme temperatures beyond 108C and 488C stimulate mainly ____, rather than thermoreceptors, producing painful sensations.
A

nociceptors

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33
Q
  • Free nerve endings
  • Found everywhere except the brain
  • Pain may persist even after a pain-producing stimulus is removed because pain causing chemicals linger and because ______ exhibit very little adaptation.
A

nociceptors/pain receptors

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34
Q

2 classification of pain receptors

A

Fast pain, slow pain

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35
Q

(classification of nociceptor)
- Rapid (after 0.1 seconds)
- Acute, sharp or picking pain
- Needle puncture, knife cut to the skin
- Not felt in the deeper tissues of the body

A

fast pain

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36
Q
  • (classification of nociceptor)
  • A second or more after stimulus
  • Increases in intensity over a period of several seconds or minutes.
  • May be excruciating chronic, burning, aching, or throbbing pain.
  • Can occur both in the skin and in deeper tissues or internal organs.
  • Tooth ache
A

slow pain

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37
Q
  • Allow us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving even if we are not looking at them
  • Allows us to walk, type, or dress without using our eyes
  • Also allows us to estimate weight * Muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear
A

Proprioceptive sensations

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38
Q
  • The _____ include smell, sight, taste, hearing, and equilibrium.
A

SPECIAL SENSES

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39
Q
  • ______ – study of the eye and its disorders
A

Ophthalmology

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40
Q

the science that deals with the ears, nose, and throat and their disorders.

A

Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)

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41
Q

The olfactory epithelium in the upper portion of the nasal cavity contains:

A
  1. Olfactory receptors cells
  2. Supporting cells
  3. Basal cells
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42
Q

Adaptation occurs rapidly with what sense/sensory type?

A

olfaction

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43
Q

What is stronger, gustation or olfaction?

A

olfaction

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44
Q

The gustatory receptor cells are located in _____

A

taste buds

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45
Q

To be tasted, substances must be _______

A

dissolved in saliva

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46
Q

The five primary tastes are ?

A

salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami.

47
Q

Taste receptors are located where?

A

taste buds

48
Q

Taste buds are located on _______

A

tongue papillae

49
Q

lifespan of taste on tongue

A

10 days

50
Q

3 kinds of epithelial cell in each taste buds

A

(1) Supporting cells
(2) gustatory receptor cells
(3) basal cells

51
Q

4 types of tongue/lingual papillae

A
  • Vallate
  • Fungiform
  • Foliate
  • Filiform*
52
Q

Lingual papillae: about 12 that contain100–300 taste buds

A

Vallate papillae

53
Q

Lingual papillae: scattered over the tongue with about 5 taste buds each

A

Fungiform papillae

54
Q

Lingual papillae: located in lateral trenches of the tongue—most of their taste buds degenerate in early childhood

A

Follate papillae

55
Q

______ cover the entire surface of the tongue.
- Contain tactile receptors but no taste buds.
- Increase friction to make it easier for the tongue to move food within the mouth.

A

Filiform papillae

56
Q
  • ____is dissolved in the saliva and enter taste pores
A

Tastant

57
Q

3 cranial nerve activated in the gustatory sensation

A

Facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X).

58
Q
  • Impulses for taste conduct to the ______, _______, ______, ______, and the _________.
A

medulla oblongata, limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus, primary gustatory area in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex

59
Q

5 accessory structures of the eye

A
  • eyebrows
  • eyelids
  • eyelashes
  • lacrimal apparatus
  • extrinsic eye muscles
60
Q

control eyelid movement

A

palpebral muscle

61
Q

responsible for moving the eyeball

A

extrinsic eye muscles

62
Q
  • is a thin, protective mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera
A

conjunctiva

63
Q
  • a fold of connective tissue that gives form to the eyelids
  • Contains a row of sebaceous glands (tarsal glands/ Meibomian glands) that keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other.
A

tarsal plate

64
Q

Produces and drains tears

A

lacrimal apparatus

65
Q

pathway for the tears:

A
  • lacrimal glands
  • lacrimal ducts
  • lacrimal puncta
  • lacrimal canaliculi
  • lacrimal sac
  • nasolacrimal ducts
  • nasal cavity
66
Q

6 extrinsic eye muscles

A
  • superior rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • lateral rectus
  • medial rectus
  • superior oblique
  • inferior oblique
67
Q

2 tunic (coats) of the eyeball

A
  • fibrous tunic
  • vascular tunic
68
Q

Tunic that covers the cornea and sclera

A

fibrous tunic

69
Q

tunic that covers the choroid, ciliary body, and iris

A

vascular tunic

70
Q
  • colored portion of the eyeball
  • controls the size of the pupil based on autonomic reflexes
A

iris

71
Q

the pupil _____ in response to bright light

A

constricts

72
Q

the pupil _____ in response to dim light

A

dilates

73
Q
  • inner coat of the eyeball
  • beginning of the visual pathway
  • has 2 layers
A

retina

74
Q

what are the 2 layers of retina

A
  • pigmented
  • neural layer
75
Q

Retina layer
* Contains melanin
* Absorbs stray light

A

pigmented layer

76
Q

retina layer
* Rods
* Cones

A

Photoreceptors

77
Q
  • shades of gray in dim light
  • 120 million
  • Absent in fovea, more numerous in the periphery of the retina
  • 6-600 : 1 bipolar cell
A

rods

78
Q
  • stimulated by brighter light; highly acute color vision
  • Blue, green, red cones
  • 6 million
  • Most dense in fovea centralis(area of highest visual acuity)
  • 1:1 bipolar cell higher acuity
A

cones

79
Q

2 cavity of the eye

A
  • anterior cavity
  • posterior cavity
80
Q
  • Divided into an anterior chamber and a posterior chamber by the iris (colored portion of the eyeball).
  • Both chambers are filled with aqueous humor (a clear, watery liquid).
A

anterior cavity

81
Q
  • Aka vitreous chamber
  • Filled with vitreous humor (a transparent, gelatinous substance)
A

Posterior cavity

82
Q

– focus image on the retina

A

cornea and lens

83
Q

focuses image on the retina

A

cornea and lens

84
Q
  • The ___ of the eye further refracts the light rays so that they come into exact focus on the retina.
A

lens

85
Q

___ of the total refraction occurs at the cornea.

A

75%

86
Q
  • Images focused on the retina are ____ and ____ reversed due to refraction.
  • The ___ corrects the image
  • The ____ must accommodate to properly focus the object.
A

inverted, right-to-left, brain, lens

87
Q

site of the sharpest vision

A

central fovea

88
Q
  • normal
  • sufficiently refract light rays from an object 6 m (20 ft)
A

emmetropic eye

89
Q

near sightedness

A

myopia

90
Q

farsightedness

A

hyperopia

91
Q

irregular curvature (of the eye)

A

astigmatism

92
Q
  • The _____ eye will refract light correctly and focus a clear image on the retina.
A

normal (emmetropic)

93
Q
  • Nearsightedness
  • The eyeball is longer than it should be and the image converges (narrows down to a sharp focal point) in front of the retina.
  • People see close objects better.
  • A concave lens is used to correct the vision.
A

myopia

94
Q
  • Farsightedness, hypermetropia
  • The eyeball is shorter than it should be and the image converges behind the retina.
  • Individuals can see distant objects better
  • A convex lens is used to correct this abnormality
A

hyperopia

95
Q
  • _____ is a condition where either the cornea or the lens (or both) has an irregular curve.
  • This causes blurred or distorted vision.
A

astigmatism

96
Q

contains Auricle, external auditory canal, and eardrum

A

external ear

97
Q

contains Auditory (eustachian) tube, ossicles, and oval window

A

middle ear

98
Q
  • Bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth.
  • Contains the spiral organ (organ of Corti), the organ of hearing.
A

internal ear

99
Q

The _____ captures sound

A

auricle

100
Q
  • The _____ transmits sound to the eardrum.
A

external auditory canal

101
Q

____ secrete cerumen (earwax) to protect the canal and eardrum

A

Ceruminous glands

102
Q

3 auditory ossicles

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
103
Q

Sound vibrations are transmitted from the eardrum through these 3 bones to the ____ into which the stapes fits

A

oval window

104
Q
  • The ____ extends from the middle ear into the nasopharynx to regulate air pressure in the middle ear
A

eustachian tube

105
Q

translates vibrations into neural impulses that the brain can
interpret as sound

A

cochlea

106
Q

contains the utricle and saccule

A

vestibule

107
Q

_____ works with the cerebellum for balance and equilibrium

A

semicircular canals

108
Q

2 types of equilibrium

A
  • static equilibrium
  • dynamic equilibrium
109
Q
  • UTRICLE AND SACCULE
  • Detects linear motion
A

static equilibrium

110
Q
  • SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
  • Rotational acceleration or deceleration
A

dynamic equilibrium

111
Q

detects linear horizontal motion

A

utricle

112
Q

detects linear vertical motion

A

saccule

113
Q
A

Paawat ka na ANA PHY LEC pls (14 decks)

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