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Paawat ka na ANA PHY LEC pls > Lymphatic System and Immunity > Flashcards

Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q
  • The ability to fight off pathogens and prevent disease.
  • Uses a combination of physical, chemical, and cellular defenses to maintain health.
A

immunity

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2
Q

2 main types of immunity

A
  • innate immunity
  • adaptive immunity
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3
Q

type of immunity
* present at birth
* immediate response
* general protection

A

Innate immunity

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4
Q

type of immunity:
* develops after exposure to specific pathogens
* slower but precise
* involves learning to recognize and remember pathogens for future defense

A

adaptive immunity

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5
Q

Present at birth, rapid response
* First line of defense:
* Skin and mucous membranes
* Second line of defense:
* Antimicrobial substances, inflammation, fever
* Components: Phagocytes, natural killer cells, complement system, interferons

A

Innate immunity

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6
Q

3 physical barriers

A
  • Skin and mucous membranes
  • Mucous membranes
  • Cilia and mucus
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7
Q

First line of defense, blocking pathogen entry

A

skin and mucous membranes

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8
Q

traps microbes (physical barrier)

A

mucous membranes

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9
Q

expels microbes

A

cilia and mucus

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10
Q

3 internal defenses

A
  • phagocytes (like macrophages)
  • natural killer cells
  • fever
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11
Q

Internal defense: engulf and destroy pathogens

A

phagocytes (like macrophages)

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12
Q

Internal defense: destroy infected or cancerous cells

A

natural killer cells

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13
Q

Internal defense: raises body temperature to inhibit microbial growth

A

fever

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14
Q

4 antimicrobial substances

A
  • interferons
  • complement system
  • iron-binding proteins
  • antimicrobial peptides
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15
Q

Antimicrobial substance (EXAM): proteins that prevent viral replication

A

interferons

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16
Q

Antimicrobial substance (EXAM): enhances immune response, leading to pathogen lysis

A

complement system

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17
Q

Antimicrobial substance (EXAM): reduce iron availability to microbes

A

iron-binding proteins

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18
Q

Antimicrobial substance (EXAM): directly kill microbes

A

antimicrobial peptides

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19
Q

2 key mechanism of innate immunity

A
  • inflammation
  • fever
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20
Q

body’s nonspecific response to tissue damage

A

inflammation

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21
Q
  • increases interferon effectiveness
  • inhibits microbial growth
  • speeds up body reactions
A

fever

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22
Q
  • localized response to infection or injury
  • helps recruit immune cells to the side of damage
  • increase blood flow and permeability
  • cardinal signs: redness, swelling, heat, and pain
A

purpose of inflammation

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23
Q
  • responds to specific microbes
  • antigens
  • two types
A

adaptive immunity

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24
Q

foreign substances triggering immune response

A

antigens

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25
Q

2 types of adaptive immunity

A
  • cell-mediated immunity
  • antibody-mediated immunity
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26
Q

type of adaptive immunity: T cells directly attack invaders

A

cell-mediated immunity

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27
Q

type of adaptive immunity: B cells produce antibodies

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

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28
Q

2 functions of the lymphatic system

A

A. Fluid balance and Lipid transport
B. Immune response

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29
Q

How does the lymphatic system maintain fluid balance and lipid transport?

A
  • drains excess interstitial fluid
  • transports dietary lipids
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30
Q

Fluid Balance and Lipid Transport: prevents tissue swelling by returning fluid to the bloodstream

A

drains excess interstitial fluid

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31
Q

Fluid Balance and Lipid Transport: fats absorbed from the digestive system are carried by the lymph

A

transports dietary lipids

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32
Q

Function of the lymphatic system that carries out immune responses by filtering harmful substances from lymph

A

immune response

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33
Q
  • Develop in bone marrow, produce antibodies
  • Produce antibodies
A

B cells

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34
Q
  • Mature in the thymus, involved in cell-mediated immunity
  • Attack infected cells directly
A

T cells

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35
Q
  • A clear fluid similar to blood plasma. It circulates through the lymphatic vessels.
A

lymph

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36
Q

Thin-walled structures that transport lymph throughout the body

A

lymphatic vessels

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37
Q

Filter lymph and house immune cells like B and T cells

A

lymph nodes (Tagalog: kulani)

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38
Q

Aside from lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes, what are the other components of the lymphatic system?

A

thymus, spleen, and lymphatic nodules

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39
Q
  • Small, blind-ended vessels that absorb interstitial fluid.
  • (start as closed-ended structure)
A

Lymphatic capillaries

40
Q

_____ and ______ drain lymph into the bloodstream, returning it to circulation.

A

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

41
Q

Which areas does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A
  • The right side of the head and
    neck     (right side of the face and
    scalp).
  • The right upper limb (arm).
  • The right side of the thorax
    (chest), including the right lung, right side of the heart, and part of
    the liver.
42
Q

Which areas does the right lymphatic duct empties? (EXAM)

A

The right lymphatic duct drains into the venous system at the junction of the right internal jugular vein and the right subclavian vein.

43
Q

Which areas does the thoracic duct drains?

A
  • The entire left side of the body (left side of the head and neck, left upper limb, and left thorax).
  • The entire lower body (both legs, pelvic region, and abdomen)
44
Q

The thoracic duct empties where? (EXAM)

A

The thoracic duct drains into the venous system at the junction of the left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein.

45
Q

● In tissue spaces between cells
● Merge to form larger lymphatic vessels

A

Lymphatic capillaries

46
Q

● Empties its lymph to left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

A

Thoracic duct

47
Q
  • empties its lymph into the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins.
    ● Thus, lymph drains back into the blood.
A

Right lymphatic duct

48
Q

Two pumps aid in lymph movement

A

○ Skeletal muscle pump
○ Respiratory pump

49
Q

______ helps circulate immune cells to areas of infection or injury.

A

Lymphatic flow

50
Q

consists of Red bone marrow and thymus, where lymphocytes mature.

A

Primary lymphatic organs

51
Q

Lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules, where immune responses are activated.

A

Secondary lymphatic organs

52
Q

Where are red bone marrows found?

A

Mostly flat bones, and long bones

53
Q
  • Located in flat bones and long bone ends.
  • Produces mature B cells and immature T cells.
A

red bone marrow

54
Q
  • Immature T cells migrate to the ________ to mature into functional T cells
A

thymus

55
Q

These are sites where most immune responses occur.

A

Secondary lymphatic organs

56
Q

Concentrated near mammary glands, axillae, and groin.

A

lymph nodes

57
Q

the largest mass of lymphatic tissue

A

spleen

58
Q

egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue

A

lymphatic nodules

59
Q
  • A two-lobed organ located:
    § Posterior to the sternum
    § Medial to the lungs
    § Superior to the heart
    o Contains large numbers of T cells and macrophages.
A

Thymus

60
Q

○ Located at intervals along lymphatic vessels
○ Masses of B cells and T cells surrounded by a capsule
○ Lymph flows through______

A

lymph nodes

61
Q

o Located along lymphatic vessels
o Concentrated in certain areas (mammary glands, axillae, groin).

A

lymph nodes

62
Q

§ Filter lymph and activate immune responses.
§ Contain B cells, T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages.

A

Lymph nodes

63
Q
  • contain B cells, T cells, and macrophages
  • Lymph flows through ____, where foreign substances are filtered and destroyed.
A

lymph nodes

64
Q

____ bring lymph into nodes

A

Afferent vessels

65
Q

_____ allow lymph to exit

A

Efferent vessels

66
Q
  • The ___ is the largest lymphatic organ, located between the stomach and diaphragm.
  • nonpalpable
  • graveyard of RBC
    o Functions (production):
    § White Pulp
    § Red Pulp
A

spleen

67
Q
  • Contains lymphatic tissue where immune responses take place.
A

white pulp

68
Q

Removes worn-out blood cells and platelets and stores platelets

A

red pulp

69
Q

In the two pump aid, “as long as it is moving, it will pour out lymph (ex. exercise); voluntary

A

Skeletal muscle pump

70
Q

In the two pump aids, it “moves lymph and immune cells as we breath”; involuntary

A

respiratory pump

71
Q

This lymphatic organ is large at birth, and gets small (decrease in function) at adolescence

A

Thymus

72
Q

_______ is where lymphocytes mature, and _ is where immune responses are activated

A

Primary lymphatic organs, secondary lymphatic organs

73
Q
  • Egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue
    o Not surrounded by a capsule
    o Located in mucous membranes lining the GI, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory tracts
A

Lymphatic nodules

74
Q
  • Specific responses tailored to pathogens.
  • T cells and B cells are central to this system.
  • T cells attack infected cells.
  • B cells produce antibodies that neutralize invaders.
A

adaptive immunity

75
Q
  • Substances recognized as foreign by the immune system
  • Ex: microbes, pollen, drugs
A

antigens

76
Q

The _____ generates specific responses to each antigen via clonal selection of T and B cells.

A

immune system

77
Q

Process where lymphocytes multiply to fight a specific antigen

A

clonal selection

78
Q

In lymphocyte proliferation:
* Actively fight infection.

A

effector cells

79
Q

Stay in the body to quickly respond if the antigen returns

A

memory cells

80
Q

Activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

A

helper t cells

81
Q

Destroy infected cells directly

A

cytotoxic t cells

82
Q

are crucial for attacking cells that are infected with viruses or intracellular pathogens

A

t cells

83
Q

This activates the cytotoxic t cells

A

helper t cells

84
Q
  • In ____ (disease), it attacks helper t cells
    transmitted by sex, blood-borne, or vertical transmission (mother-daughter genetics)
    cripples the immune system*
A

HIV

85
Q

Transform into plasma cells, which produce antibodies.

A

b cells

86
Q
  • Bind to antigens, neutralizing pathogens
  • Marking pathogens for destruction by other immune cells
A

antibodies

87
Q

5 types of immunoglobulins (EXAM)

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

88
Q

Immunoglobulin: Most common, provides long-term immunity (EXAM)

A

IgG

89
Q

Immunoglobulin: Found in mucous membranes (EXAM)

A

IgA

90
Q

Immunoglobulins, it first produced during an immune response (EXAM)

A

IgM

91
Q

Involved in B cell activation (EXAM)

A

IgD

92
Q

Associated with allergic reactions (EXAM)

A

IgE

93
Q
  • Persist after an infection
  • Allow for a faster and stronger response if the same antigen is encountered again.
  • This is the basis of vaccinations
A

memory cells

94
Q

introduces a harmless form of an antigen to stimulate the production of memory cells.

A

vaccination

95
Q

____ leads to a decline in immune function

A

Aging

96
Q
  • _____ individuals are more susceptible to infections and malignancies.
  • ____: With age, the body may
    produce antibodies that attack its own cells,
    leading to autoimmune conditions
A

Elderly , autoantibodies

Paawat ka na ANA PHY LEC pls (15 decks)

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