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Paawat ka na ANA PHY LEC pls > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Situated between the two lungs, 2/3 to the left

A

heart

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2
Q

2 pericardial layers

A
  • pericardium (outer fibrous, inner serous)
  • inner serous pericardium
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3
Q

2 layers of the inner serous pericardium

A
  • outer parietal - fused to outer fibrous
  • inner visceral - aka epicardium
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4
Q

3 tissues of the heart wall?

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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5
Q

among the 3 tissues forming the heart wall, this is mostly/purely cardiac muscle tissue, and bulk of the heart

A

myocardium

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6
Q

Refers to the two upper chamber of the heart

A

atria (plural of atrium)

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7
Q

refers to the two lower chambers of the heart

A

ventricles

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8
Q

partition between the atria

A

inter-atrial septum

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9
Q

contains the fossa ovalis

A

inter-atrial septum

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10
Q

this is the term used to call the remnant of the foramen ovale

A

fossa ovalis

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11
Q

great vessels that carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

A
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
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12
Q

passageway of the deoxygenated blood after reaching right atrium?

A

right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, right and left pulmonary artery

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13
Q

passageway of the oxygenated blood from the lungs?

A

lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, ascending aorta

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14
Q

Function is to prevent backflow of blood in the heart

A

valves of the heart

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15
Q

collective term used to call the valves that lies between the atrium and ventricle

A

atrioventricular valves

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16
Q

valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

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17
Q

valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

bicuspid (mitral) valve

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18
Q

valves that prevents blood from flowing back into the heart

A

semilunar valves

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19
Q

opening where the pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle

A

pulmonary valve

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20
Q

opening of the left ventricle into the aorta

A

aortic valve

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21
Q

blood flow of the heart: from _______ blood pressure to _____ blood pressue

A

high, low

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22
Q

movement of _____ is controlled by contraction and relaxation of myocardium as well as opening and closing of the valves

A

blood

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23
Q
  • hole in the wall between the left and right atria of every human fetus
  • allows blood to bypass the fetal lung
  • when a newborn takes its first breath, blood pressure change and the _____ flap closes
A

foramen ovale

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24
Q

movement of blood is controlled by _______ of myocardium as well as opening and closing of valves

A

contraction and relaxation

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25
Q
  • coronary circulation
  • oxygenated blood: ascending aorta, right and left coronary arteries
  • deoxygenated blood: coronary sinus, right atrium
A

blood supply of the heart

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26
Q
  • Components of this system are the sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker), atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
A

conduction system

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27
Q

set route for action potentials to ensure coordinated contraction of heart muscles

A

conduction system

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28
Q

maintains heart rhythm

A

natural pacemaker

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29
Q

contains 1% of cardiac muscle fibers - specialized

A

conduction system of the heart

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30
Q

In ____, action potential conduction are recorded by electrodes placed on the skin

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG) (or EKG)

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31
Q

Components of ECG

A
  • P wave
  • QRS complex
  • T wave
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32
Q

ECG wave that shows atrial depolarization (atrial contraction)

A

P wave

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33
Q
  • Wave that shows ventricular depolarization
A

QRS Complex

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34
Q

In QRS complex, this shows downward deflection

A

Q

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35
Q

In QRS complex, this shows large upright triangular wave

A

R

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35
Q

In QRS complex, this shown through the down wave

A

S

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36
Q

In ECG, this shows ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

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37
Q

how many heartbeats in one cardiac cycle?

A

one

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38
Q

In the cardiac cycle, the two atria contract while the two ventricle ___.

A

relax

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39
Q

In the cardia cycle, this refers to the phase of contraction

A

systole

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40
Q

in the cardia cycle, this refers to the phase of relaxation

A

diastole

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41
Q

A cardiac cycle consists of ___and ____ of both atria plus systole and diastole of both ventricles.

A

systole , diastole

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42
Q

3 phases of the cardiac cycle

A
  • relaxation period
  • atrial systole
  • ventricular systole
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43
Q

this begins at the end of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles start to relax and all four chambers are in diastole

A

relaxation period

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44
Q

contraction of atria

A

atrial systole

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45
Q

contraction of ventricles

A

ventricular systole

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46
Q
  • refers to the volume of blood ejected per minute
A

cardiac output

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47
Q

How to calculate cardiac output?

A

stroke volume x heart rate

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48
Q

3 factors that affect cardiac output

A
  • Degree of stretch
  • Forcefulness of Contraction
  • Pressure required to eject blood
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49
Q

the nervous system regulation of the heart originates in the cardiovascular (CV) center in the medulla oblongata.

A

autonomic regulation of heart rate

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50
Q

other regulators of cardiac output

A

the cardiac accelerator nerves, vagus (X) nerves, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors.

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51
Q

A person’s _______ can be improved at any age with regular exercise.

A

cardiovascular fitness

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52
Q

any activity that works large body muscles for at least 20 minutes, elevates cardiac output and accelerates metabolic rate

A

aerobic exercise

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53
Q

__ to ___ sessions a week are usually recommended for improving the health of the cardiovascular system.

A

3 - 5

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54
Q

increases the oxygen demand of the muscles

A

SUSTAINED EXERCISE

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55
Q

Brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming are examples of ______

A

AEROBIC EXERCISE

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56
Q

_______ also helps to reduce blood pressure, anxiety, and depression; control weight; and increase the body’s ability to dissolve blood clots.

A

REGULAR EXERCISE

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57
Q

Decrease in the diameter of the blood vessel lumen

A

vasoconstriction

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58
Q

increase in the diameter of the blood vessel lumen

A

vasodilation

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59
Q
  • carry blood away from the heart to body tissues.
  • Their walls consist of three layers: endothelium, smooth muscle and an outer layer
A

Arteries

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60
Q

regulates blood flow from arteries into capillaries

A

arterioles

61
Q

connect arterioles to venules; exchange vessels

A

capillaries

62
Q

similar in structure to arterioles; their walls are thinner near the capillary end and thicker as they progress toward the heart

A

venules

63
Q
  • are structurally similar to arteries, but their middle and inner layers are thinner.
  • The outer layer of ___is the thickest layer. The lumen of a ___ is wider than an artery
A

vein

64
Q

How many layers does an artery have?

A

3 (outer, middle layer [smooth muscle], inner layer)

65
Q

how many layer does a vein have?

A

2 (outer, and inner)

66
Q

Blood flows from regions of ____ pressure to regions of ____ pressure

A

higher, lower

67
Q

the greater the _____ difference, the greater the blood flow.

A

pressure

68
Q

– generated by contraction of the ventricles

A

blood pressure

69
Q
  • the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel
  • depends in part on the total volume of blood in the cardiovascular system (about 5 liters).
A

blood pressure

70
Q

refers to the opposition to blood flow

A

vascular resistance

71
Q

3 factors contributing to vascular resistance

A
  • size of the blood vessel lumen
  • blood viscosity
  • total blood vessel length
72
Q

control blood pressure and blood flow through:
* heart rate
* stroke volume
* vascular resistance
* blood volume

A

negative feedback systems

73
Q
  • regulate heart rate and stroke volume.
  • neural and hormonal negative feedback systems
  • receives input from proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors.
A

cardiovascular center in the medulla oblongata

74
Q

Input to the cardiovascular center (nerve impulses sent): monitor joint movements

A

proprioceptors

75
Q

Input to the cardiovascular center (nerve impulses sent): monitor blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

76
Q

Input to the cardiovascular center (nerve impulses sent): monitor blood acidity (H+), CO2, O2

A

chemoreceptors

77
Q

Vagus (X) nerve affects the heart through _____

A

decreased heart rate

78
Q

Cardia accelerator nerves (sympathetic) affects the heart through?

A

increased rate and contractility

79
Q

vasomotor nerves (sympathetic) affects the blood vessels by?

A

vasoconstriction

80
Q

Hormone: kidneys secrete the enzyme renin to increase B.P.

A

Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAA) system

81
Q

hormone: sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac output.

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

82
Q

Hormone: hypothalamus and post. pituitary causes vasoconstriction and increased B.P.

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

83
Q

hormone: atria of heart causes vasodilation and lowers B.P.

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

84
Q

___ are organized into circulatory routes that carry blood throughout the body.

A

Blood vessels

85
Q

The two major circulatory routes are the ____ and the ____

A

systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation.

86
Q

The ___ includes the arteries and arterioles that carry blood containing O2 and nutrients from the left ventricle to systemic capillaries throughout the body, plus the veins and venules that return blood containing CO2 and wastes to the right atrium.

A

systemic circulation

87
Q

All systemic arteries branch from the ____.

A

aorta

88
Q

________ returns to the heart through the systemic veins. All veins of the systemic circulation empty into the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, or the coronary sinus, which, in turn, empty into the right atrium

A

Deoxygenated blood

89
Q

____ distribute blood to various parts of the body, and ____ drain blood away from them. For the most part, arteries are deep. Veins may be superficial (located just beneath the skin) or deep

A

Arteries, veins

90
Q

The ____ takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

A

pulmonary circulation

91
Q

The ______ collects deoxygenated blood from the veins of the gastrointestinal tract and spleen and directs it into the hepatic portal vein of the liver

A

hepatic portal circulation

92
Q

This routing allows the liver to extract and modify nutrients and detoxify harmful substances in the blood.

A

hepatic portal circulation

93
Q

_____ exists only in the fetus. It involves the exchange of materials between fetus and mother via the placenta. The fetus derives O2 and nutrients from and eliminates CO2 and wastes into maternal blood.

A

Fetal circulation

94
Q

the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery with each heartbeat. It may be felt in any artery that lies near the surface or over a hard tissue

A

pulse

95
Q

A normal pulse rate is about ___ bpm

A

57

96
Q

the pressure exerted by blood on the wall of an artery when the left ventricle undergoes systole and then diastole. It is measured by a sphygmomanometer.

A

blood pressure

97
Q

_____ is the force of blood recorded during ventricular contraction

A

Systolic blood pressure (SBP)

98
Q

____ is the force of blood recorded during ventricular relaxation

A

Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

99
Q

The normal blood pressure of a young adult male is less than ____

A

120/80.

100
Q

General changes in the cardiovascular system associated with ____ include increased stiffness of the aorta, reduction in cardiac muscle fiber size, progressive loss of cardiac muscular strength, reduced cardiac output, a decline in maximum heart rate, and an increase in systolic blood pressure.

A

aging

101
Q

____ is the major cause of heart disease and death in older Americans.

A

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

102
Q

______, and ___ increases with age. (diseases)

A

Congestive heart failure (CHF), atherosclerosis

103
Q

About 50 million Americans have _____, or persistently high blood pressure.

A

hypertension

104
Q

____ is a failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients to meet metabolic needs.

A

Shock

105
Q
  • An ____ is a thin, weakened section of the wall of an artery or a vein that bulges outward, forming a balloon-like sac.
  • If untreated, the ____ enlarges and the blood vessel wall becomes so thin that it bursts. The result is massive hemorrhage, severe pain, stroke, or death.
A

aneurysm

106
Q
  • Liquid connective tissue composed of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix
  • Denser than water
  • Slightly alkaline pH (7.35-7.45)
  • 8% of total body weight
  • 5-6 liters in males, 4-5 liters in females
A

blood

107
Q

Functions of _____:
* transportation
* regulation
* protection

A

blood

108
Q
  • dissolved substances
  • Less dense
  • 55%
A

blood plasma

109
Q
  • cells and cell fragments
  • More dense
  • 45%
  • Red blood cells – 99%
  • Hematocrit
  • WBCs and platelets – 1%
A

Formed elements

110
Q

how to calculate hematocrit?

A

RBC/Total Blood Volume

111
Q
  • 91.5 percent water
  • 7 percent proteins
  • 1.5 percent solutes other than proteins
A

blood plasma

112
Q

synthesized in liver

A

plasma proteins

113
Q

contains 54% of plasma proteins, maintain proper blood osmotic pressure

A

albumin

114
Q

contains 38% antibodies

A

globulin

115
Q

contains 7%, blood clots

A

fibrinogen

116
Q
  • aka erythrocytes
  • 4.8-5.4 million/ μL
A

RBC

117
Q
  • aka leukocytes
  • 5000–10,000/ μL
A

WBC

118
Q

3 types of granular leukocytes

A
  • neutrophil
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
119
Q

granular leukocytes: makes up 60-70% of WBC

A

neutrophil

120
Q

granular leukocytes: makes up 2-4% of WBC

A

eosinophils

121
Q

granular leukocytes: makes up 0.5-1% WBCs

A

basophils

122
Q

2 components under agranular leukocytes

A
  • T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells
  • monocytes
123
Q

agranular leukocytes: 20-25%

A

T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells

124
Q

agranular leukocytes: makes up 3-8% WBC

A

monocytes

125
Q
  • aka thrombocytes
  • 150,000–400,000/ μL
A

platelets

126
Q

yolk sac →liver, spleen, thymus and lymph node →red bone marrow

A

formation of blood cells

127
Q

highly vascularized connective tissue in microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue

A

red bone marrow

128
Q

oxygen carrying protein; cause of blood’s red color

A

hemoglobin

129
Q
  • erythrocytes
  • Biconcave discs approximately 8 μm in diameter
A

RBC

130
Q
  • leukocytes
  • Combats microbes or irritation by inducing phagocytosis or by producing antibodies
  • Granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
  • Agranular (lymphocytes [B and T cells, natural killer cells], monocytes)
A

WBC

131
Q

respond first to bacterial invasion

A

neutrophils

132
Q

combat inflammation in allergic reactions and are effective against parasitic worms

A

eosinophils

133
Q

are also involved in inflammatory and allergic reactions and can liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin

A

basophils

134
Q

the major combatants in immune responses

A

(Lymphocytes) B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK)

135
Q

precursor of platelets

A

megakaryocytes

136
Q
  • disc-shaped cell fragments
  • 150,000–400,000 platelets/mL
  • functions in homeostasis by forming a platelet plug
A

platelet

137
Q

The body’s response to prevent leakage of blood and blood products from injured vessels and prevent hemorrhage

A

homeostasis

138
Q

contraction of smooth muscle wall of injured vessels

A

vascular spasm

139
Q

platelets come together and change their configuration in order to produce a plug that forms over the vessel injury

A

platelet plug formation

140
Q

complex process which culminates in the production of fibrin threads

A

blood clotting

141
Q

genetically determined; present in the surface of red blood cells; composed of glycolipids and glycoproteins.

A

antigens

142
Q

contains antigens A and B

A

ABO blood group

143
Q

contains anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies

A

blood plasma

144
Q

collective term for blood with these:
Rh+ (with antigen)
Rh– (without antigen)

A

Rh blood group

145
Q

Blood type: contains A-antigen, and Anti-B antibody

A

type a

146
Q

Blood type: contains B antigen, and Anti-A antibody

A

type B

147
Q

Blood type: contains both A and B antigens, but no antibody

A

Type AB

148
Q

Blood type: contains neither A nor B antigen, but contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

A

Type O

149
Q

what blood type is considered as the universal donor?

A

Type O

150
Q

what blood type is considered to be as the universal recipient?

A

Type AB

Paawat ka na ANA PHY LEC pls (17 decks)

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