Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Situated between the two lungs, 2/3 to the left
heart
2 pericardial layers
- pericardium (outer fibrous, inner serous)
- inner serous pericardium
2 layers of the inner serous pericardium
- outer parietal - fused to outer fibrous
- inner visceral - aka epicardium
3 tissues of the heart wall?
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
among the 3 tissues forming the heart wall, this is mostly/purely cardiac muscle tissue, and bulk of the heart
myocardium
Refers to the two upper chamber of the heart
atria (plural of atrium)
refers to the two lower chambers of the heart
ventricles
partition between the atria
inter-atrial septum
contains the fossa ovalis
inter-atrial septum
this is the term used to call the remnant of the foramen ovale
fossa ovalis
great vessels that carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- coronary sinus
passageway of the deoxygenated blood after reaching right atrium?
right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, right and left pulmonary artery
passageway of the oxygenated blood from the lungs?
lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, ascending aorta
Function is to prevent backflow of blood in the heart
valves of the heart
collective term used to call the valves that lies between the atrium and ventricle
atrioventricular valves
valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
tricuspid valve
valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
bicuspid (mitral) valve
valves that prevents blood from flowing back into the heart
semilunar valves
opening where the pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle
pulmonary valve
opening of the left ventricle into the aorta
aortic valve
blood flow of the heart: from _______ blood pressure to _____ blood pressue
high, low
movement of _____ is controlled by contraction and relaxation of myocardium as well as opening and closing of the valves
blood
- hole in the wall between the left and right atria of every human fetus
- allows blood to bypass the fetal lung
- when a newborn takes its first breath, blood pressure change and the _____ flap closes
foramen ovale
movement of blood is controlled by _______ of myocardium as well as opening and closing of valves
contraction and relaxation
- coronary circulation
- oxygenated blood: ascending aorta, right and left coronary arteries
- deoxygenated blood: coronary sinus, right atrium
blood supply of the heart
- Components of this system are the sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker), atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
conduction system
set route for action potentials to ensure coordinated contraction of heart muscles
conduction system
maintains heart rhythm
natural pacemaker
contains 1% of cardiac muscle fibers - specialized
conduction system of the heart
In ____, action potential conduction are recorded by electrodes placed on the skin
Electrocardiogram (ECG) (or EKG)
Components of ECG
- P wave
- QRS complex
- T wave
ECG wave that shows atrial depolarization (atrial contraction)
P wave
- Wave that shows ventricular depolarization
QRS Complex
In QRS complex, this shows downward deflection
Q
In QRS complex, this shows large upright triangular wave
R
In QRS complex, this shown through the down wave
S
In ECG, this shows ventricular repolarization
T wave
how many heartbeats in one cardiac cycle?
one
In the cardiac cycle, the two atria contract while the two ventricle ___.
relax
In the cardia cycle, this refers to the phase of contraction
systole
in the cardia cycle, this refers to the phase of relaxation
diastole
A cardiac cycle consists of ___and ____ of both atria plus systole and diastole of both ventricles.
systole , diastole
3 phases of the cardiac cycle
- relaxation period
- atrial systole
- ventricular systole
this begins at the end of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles start to relax and all four chambers are in diastole
relaxation period
contraction of atria
atrial systole
contraction of ventricles
ventricular systole
- refers to the volume of blood ejected per minute
cardiac output
How to calculate cardiac output?
stroke volume x heart rate
3 factors that affect cardiac output
- Degree of stretch
- Forcefulness of Contraction
- Pressure required to eject blood
the nervous system regulation of the heart originates in the cardiovascular (CV) center in the medulla oblongata.
autonomic regulation of heart rate
other regulators of cardiac output
the cardiac accelerator nerves, vagus (X) nerves, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors.
A person’s _______ can be improved at any age with regular exercise.
cardiovascular fitness
any activity that works large body muscles for at least 20 minutes, elevates cardiac output and accelerates metabolic rate
aerobic exercise
__ to ___ sessions a week are usually recommended for improving the health of the cardiovascular system.
3 - 5
increases the oxygen demand of the muscles
SUSTAINED EXERCISE
Brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming are examples of ______
AEROBIC EXERCISE
_______ also helps to reduce blood pressure, anxiety, and depression; control weight; and increase the body’s ability to dissolve blood clots.
REGULAR EXERCISE
Decrease in the diameter of the blood vessel lumen
vasoconstriction
increase in the diameter of the blood vessel lumen
vasodilation
- carry blood away from the heart to body tissues.
- Their walls consist of three layers: endothelium, smooth muscle and an outer layer
Arteries
regulates blood flow from arteries into capillaries
arterioles
connect arterioles to venules; exchange vessels
capillaries
similar in structure to arterioles; their walls are thinner near the capillary end and thicker as they progress toward the heart
venules
- are structurally similar to arteries, but their middle and inner layers are thinner.
- The outer layer of ___is the thickest layer. The lumen of a ___ is wider than an artery
vein
How many layers does an artery have?
3 (outer, middle layer [smooth muscle], inner layer)
how many layer does a vein have?
2 (outer, and inner)
Blood flows from regions of ____ pressure to regions of ____ pressure
higher, lower
the greater the _____ difference, the greater the blood flow.
pressure
– generated by contraction of the ventricles
blood pressure
- the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel
- depends in part on the total volume of blood in the cardiovascular system (about 5 liters).
blood pressure
refers to the opposition to blood flow
vascular resistance
3 factors contributing to vascular resistance
- size of the blood vessel lumen
- blood viscosity
- total blood vessel length
control blood pressure and blood flow through:
* heart rate
* stroke volume
* vascular resistance
* blood volume
negative feedback systems
- regulate heart rate and stroke volume.
- neural and hormonal negative feedback systems
- receives input from proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors.
cardiovascular center in the medulla oblongata
Input to the cardiovascular center (nerve impulses sent): monitor joint movements
proprioceptors
Input to the cardiovascular center (nerve impulses sent): monitor blood pressure
baroreceptors
Input to the cardiovascular center (nerve impulses sent): monitor blood acidity (H+), CO2, O2
chemoreceptors
Vagus (X) nerve affects the heart through _____
decreased heart rate
Cardia accelerator nerves (sympathetic) affects the heart through?
increased rate and contractility
vasomotor nerves (sympathetic) affects the blood vessels by?
vasoconstriction
Hormone: kidneys secrete the enzyme renin to increase B.P.
Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAA) system
hormone: sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac output.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Hormone: hypothalamus and post. pituitary causes vasoconstriction and increased B.P.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
hormone: atria of heart causes vasodilation and lowers B.P.
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
___ are organized into circulatory routes that carry blood throughout the body.
Blood vessels
The two major circulatory routes are the ____ and the ____
systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation.
The ___ includes the arteries and arterioles that carry blood containing O2 and nutrients from the left ventricle to systemic capillaries throughout the body, plus the veins and venules that return blood containing CO2 and wastes to the right atrium.
systemic circulation
All systemic arteries branch from the ____.
aorta
________ returns to the heart through the systemic veins. All veins of the systemic circulation empty into the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, or the coronary sinus, which, in turn, empty into the right atrium
Deoxygenated blood
____ distribute blood to various parts of the body, and ____ drain blood away from them. For the most part, arteries are deep. Veins may be superficial (located just beneath the skin) or deep
Arteries, veins
The ____ takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
pulmonary circulation
The ______ collects deoxygenated blood from the veins of the gastrointestinal tract and spleen and directs it into the hepatic portal vein of the liver
hepatic portal circulation
This routing allows the liver to extract and modify nutrients and detoxify harmful substances in the blood.
hepatic portal circulation
_____ exists only in the fetus. It involves the exchange of materials between fetus and mother via the placenta. The fetus derives O2 and nutrients from and eliminates CO2 and wastes into maternal blood.
Fetal circulation
the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery with each heartbeat. It may be felt in any artery that lies near the surface or over a hard tissue
pulse
A normal pulse rate is about ___ bpm
57
the pressure exerted by blood on the wall of an artery when the left ventricle undergoes systole and then diastole. It is measured by a sphygmomanometer.
blood pressure
_____ is the force of blood recorded during ventricular contraction
Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
____ is the force of blood recorded during ventricular relaxation
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
The normal blood pressure of a young adult male is less than ____
120/80.
General changes in the cardiovascular system associated with ____ include increased stiffness of the aorta, reduction in cardiac muscle fiber size, progressive loss of cardiac muscular strength, reduced cardiac output, a decline in maximum heart rate, and an increase in systolic blood pressure.
aging
____ is the major cause of heart disease and death in older Americans.
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
______, and ___ increases with age. (diseases)
Congestive heart failure (CHF), atherosclerosis
About 50 million Americans have _____, or persistently high blood pressure.
hypertension
____ is a failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients to meet metabolic needs.
Shock
- An ____ is a thin, weakened section of the wall of an artery or a vein that bulges outward, forming a balloon-like sac.
- If untreated, the ____ enlarges and the blood vessel wall becomes so thin that it bursts. The result is massive hemorrhage, severe pain, stroke, or death.
aneurysm
- Liquid connective tissue composed of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix
- Denser than water
- Slightly alkaline pH (7.35-7.45)
- 8% of total body weight
- 5-6 liters in males, 4-5 liters in females
blood
Functions of _____:
* transportation
* regulation
* protection
blood
- dissolved substances
- Less dense
- 55%
blood plasma
- cells and cell fragments
- More dense
- 45%
- Red blood cells – 99%
- Hematocrit
- WBCs and platelets – 1%
Formed elements
how to calculate hematocrit?
RBC/Total Blood Volume
- 91.5 percent water
- 7 percent proteins
- 1.5 percent solutes other than proteins
blood plasma
synthesized in liver
plasma proteins
contains 54% of plasma proteins, maintain proper blood osmotic pressure
albumin
contains 38% antibodies
globulin
contains 7%, blood clots
fibrinogen
- aka erythrocytes
- 4.8-5.4 million/ μL
RBC
- aka leukocytes
- 5000–10,000/ μL
WBC
3 types of granular leukocytes
- neutrophil
- eosinophils
- basophils
granular leukocytes: makes up 60-70% of WBC
neutrophil
granular leukocytes: makes up 2-4% of WBC
eosinophils
granular leukocytes: makes up 0.5-1% WBCs
basophils
2 components under agranular leukocytes
- T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells
- monocytes
agranular leukocytes: 20-25%
T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells
agranular leukocytes: makes up 3-8% WBC
monocytes
- aka thrombocytes
- 150,000–400,000/ μL
platelets
yolk sac →liver, spleen, thymus and lymph node →red bone marrow
formation of blood cells
highly vascularized connective tissue in microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue
red bone marrow
oxygen carrying protein; cause of blood’s red color
hemoglobin
- erythrocytes
- Biconcave discs approximately 8 μm in diameter
RBC
- leukocytes
- Combats microbes or irritation by inducing phagocytosis or by producing antibodies
- Granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
- Agranular (lymphocytes [B and T cells, natural killer cells], monocytes)
WBC
respond first to bacterial invasion
neutrophils
combat inflammation in allergic reactions and are effective against parasitic worms
eosinophils
are also involved in inflammatory and allergic reactions and can liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin
basophils
the major combatants in immune responses
(Lymphocytes) B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK)
precursor of platelets
megakaryocytes
- disc-shaped cell fragments
- 150,000–400,000 platelets/mL
- functions in homeostasis by forming a platelet plug
platelet
The body’s response to prevent leakage of blood and blood products from injured vessels and prevent hemorrhage
homeostasis
contraction of smooth muscle wall of injured vessels
vascular spasm
platelets come together and change their configuration in order to produce a plug that forms over the vessel injury
platelet plug formation
complex process which culminates in the production of fibrin threads
blood clotting
genetically determined; present in the surface of red blood cells; composed of glycolipids and glycoproteins.
antigens
contains antigens A and B
ABO blood group
contains anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies
blood plasma
collective term for blood with these:
Rh+ (with antigen)
Rh– (without antigen)
Rh blood group
Blood type: contains A-antigen, and Anti-B antibody
type a
Blood type: contains B antigen, and Anti-A antibody
type B
Blood type: contains both A and B antigens, but no antibody
Type AB
Blood type: contains neither A nor B antigen, but contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Type O
what blood type is considered as the universal donor?
Type O
what blood type is considered to be as the universal recipient?
Type AB
