NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards
The ______ and its associated spinal nerves contain neural pathways that control some of your most rapid reactions to environmental changes
spinal cord (SC)
_________ protects the spinal cord
vertebral column
The ____ are three layers of connective tissue coverings around the brain and SC
meninges
3 layers of meninges
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
outermost meninges
dura mater
middle meninges
arachnoid mater
innermost meninge
pia mater
____ circulates in the subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid and pia mater)
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The length of the adult spinal cord ranges from ______ cm (16 to 18 in.)
42 to 45
Spinal cord extends from the ____, to the _______ (ending with the conus medullaris)
medulla oblongata, upper border of L2
The roots of the spinal nerves or ____, angle down the vertebral canal like wisps of flowing hair
cauda equina
The _____ contains nerves that supply the upper limbs, and the ____ contains nerves supplying the lower limbs
cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement
The ____ of the spinal cord contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia.
gray matter
On each side of the spinal cord, the gray matter is subdivided into regions called ____
horns
The ____ contain the cell bodies of incoming sensory neurons
posterior (dorsal) gray horns
the ______ contain cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
anterior (ventral) gray horns
the ____ consists primarily of myelinated axons of neurons and is organized into white columns
white matter
_______ consist of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain and motor (descending) tracts away from the CNS
Sensory (ascending) tracts
Sensory (ascending) tracts consist of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain and _____ away from the CNS
motor (descending) tracts
______ and the nerves that branch from them are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands in all parts of the body.
Spinal nerves
The __ pairs of spinal nerves are named and numbered according to the region and level of the vertebral column.
31
The superficial covering over the entire nerve is the _____
epineurium
Individual axons, whether myelinated or unmyelinated, are wrapped in _____
endoneurium
The superficial covering over the entire nerve is the _____
epineurium
The pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex is known as a ______.
reflex arc
one of the largest organ in the body
brain
4 major parts of the brain
- brain stem
- diencephalon
- cerebrum
- cerebellum
the spinal cord and brain are further protected against chemical and physical injury by _______.
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
_______ is a clear, colorless liquid that carries oxygen, glucose, and other chemicals to neurons and neuroglia and removes their wastes and toxic substances.
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
CSF circulates through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord, and through cavities called _______
ventricles
what are the 4 ventricles of the brain?
2 lateral, 1 third, 1 fourth ventricle
Sites of CSF production are the ______
choroid plexuses
3 regions of the brain stem
- medulla oblongata,
- pons,
- midbrain
the midbrain connects with the
diencephalon
he anterior part consists of a pair of large tracts called ____.
cerebral peduncles
Midbrain contains ________
nuclei
______ are reddish due to their rich blood supply and iron. Axons from the cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses here and help coordinate muscular movements.
Red nuclei
Nuclei of the _____ are large and darkly pigmented. Loss of these neurons is associated with Parkinson’s disease
substantia nigra
3 major regions of the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
The _____ is the major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem
thalamus
The ______ controls and integrates activities of the autonomic nervous system; controls the pituitary gland and production of hormones; regulation of emotions; regulations of eating and drinking; control of body temperature; regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness.
hypothalamus
The ______ secretes the hormone melatonin, it is part of the endocrine system
pineal gland
The cerebellum consists of ____ cerebellar hemispheres, located posterior to the medulla and pons and inferior to the cerebrum.
two
The cerebrum consists of the ___ (an outer rim of gray), an ______, and _____.
cerebral cortex, internal region of cerebral white matter, gray matter nuclei
The cerebral cortex rolls and folds upon itself so that it can fit into the cranial cavity. The folds are called ___
gyri
The deep grooves between folds (hyri) are _____. The shallow grooves are sulci.
fissures
The ______ separates the cerebrum into right and left halves called cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
The _____ separates the frontal and parietal lobes
central sulcus
The _______ is located immediately anterior to the central sulcus
precentral gyrus
The ______ is located immediately posterior to the central sulcus
postcentral gyrus
4 cerebral hemispheres?
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe
Encircling the upper part of the brain stem and the corpus callosum is a ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon that constitutes the ______
limbic system (limbic border)
The limbic system is sometimes called the “____” because it plays a primary role in a range of emotions, including pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger
emotional brain
Brain controls ___ side of the body: all sensory and motor pathways cross in CNS
opposite
______ important for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning
Left hemisphere
_______ more involved with spatial and pattern recognition and emotional content
Right side (hemisphere)
Cranial nerves emerge from the nose (_____), the eyes (__), the inner ear (___), the brain stem (____), and the spinal cord (__)
cranial nerve I, II, VIII, cranial nerves III–XII, XI
Three cranial nerves (_, _, and __) contain only axons of sensory neurons and thus are called sensory nerves. 5 cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, XI, XII) contain only axons of motor neurons as they leave the brain stem and are called motor nerves. The other four cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) are mixed nerves because they contain both sensory and motor
I, II, and VIII
Three cranial nerves (I, II, and VIII) contain only axons of sensory neurons and thus are called sensory nerves. 5 cranial nerves (__, __, __, __, __) contain only axons of motor neurons as they leave the brain stem and are called motor nerves. The other four cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) are mixed nerves because they contain both sensory and motor
III, IV, VI, XI, XII
Three cranial nerves (I, II, and VIII) contain only axons of sensory neurons and thus are called sensory nerves. 5 cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, XI, XII) contain only axons of motor neurons as they leave the brain stem and are called motor nerves. The other four cranial nerves (__, __, __, __) are mixed nerves because they contain both sensory and motor
V, VII, IX, and X
○ ______ during first few years of life:
§ Due to increase in size of neurons and proliferation of neuroglia.
§ Increase in development of dendritic branches and synaptic contacts.
Rapid brain growth
○ From early adulthood through __:
§ Decline in brain mass
§ Fewer synaptic contacts
Some decrease in brain function
old age
