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Paawat ka na ANA PHY LEC pls > NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ and its associated spinal nerves contain neural pathways that control some of your most rapid reactions to environmental changes

A

spinal cord (SC)

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2
Q

_________ protects the spinal cord

A

vertebral column

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3
Q

The ____ are three layers of connective tissue coverings around the brain and SC

A

meninges

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4
Q

3 layers of meninges

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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5
Q

outermost meninges

A

dura mater

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6
Q

middle meninges

A

arachnoid mater

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7
Q

innermost meninge

A

pia mater

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8
Q

____ circulates in the subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid and pia mater)

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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9
Q

The length of the adult spinal cord ranges from ______ cm (16 to 18 in.)

A

42 to 45

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10
Q

Spinal cord extends from the ____, to the _______ (ending with the conus medullaris)

A

medulla oblongata, upper border of L2

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11
Q

The roots of the spinal nerves or ____, angle down the vertebral canal like wisps of flowing hair

A

cauda equina

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12
Q

The _____ contains nerves that supply the upper limbs, and the ____ contains nerves supplying the lower limbs

A

cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement

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13
Q

The ____ of the spinal cord contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia.

A

gray matter

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14
Q

On each side of the spinal cord, the gray matter is subdivided into regions called ____

A

horns

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15
Q

The ____ contain the cell bodies of incoming sensory neurons

A

posterior (dorsal) gray horns

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16
Q

the ______ contain cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

A

anterior (ventral) gray horns

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17
Q

the ____ consists primarily of myelinated axons of neurons and is organized into white columns

A

white matter

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18
Q

_______ consist of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain and motor (descending) tracts away from the CNS

A

Sensory (ascending) tracts

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19
Q

Sensory (ascending) tracts consist of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain and _____ away from the CNS

A

motor (descending) tracts

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20
Q

______ and the nerves that branch from them are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands in all parts of the body.

A

Spinal nerves

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21
Q

The __ pairs of spinal nerves are named and numbered according to the region and level of the vertebral column.

A

31

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22
Q

The superficial covering over the entire nerve is the _____

A

epineurium

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23
Q

Individual axons, whether myelinated or unmyelinated, are wrapped in _____

A

endoneurium

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24
Q

The superficial covering over the entire nerve is the _____

A

epineurium

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25
Q

The pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex is known as a ______.

A

reflex arc

26
Q

one of the largest organ in the body

A

brain

27
Q

4 major parts of the brain

A
  • brain stem
  • diencephalon
  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
28
Q

the spinal cord and brain are further protected against chemical and physical injury by _______.

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

29
Q

_______ is a clear, colorless liquid that carries oxygen, glucose, and other chemicals to neurons and neuroglia and removes their wastes and toxic substances.

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

30
Q

CSF circulates through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord, and through cavities called _______

A

ventricles

31
Q

what are the 4 ventricles of the brain?

A

2 lateral, 1 third, 1 fourth ventricle

32
Q

Sites of CSF production are the ______

A

choroid plexuses

33
Q

3 regions of the brain stem

A
  • medulla oblongata,
  • pons,
  • midbrain
34
Q

the midbrain connects with the

A

diencephalon

35
Q

he anterior part consists of a pair of large tracts called ____.

A

cerebral peduncles

36
Q

Midbrain contains ________

A

nuclei

37
Q

______ are reddish due to their rich blood supply and iron. Axons from the cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses here and help coordinate muscular movements.

A

Red nuclei

38
Q

Nuclei of the _____ are large and darkly pigmented. Loss of these neurons is associated with Parkinson’s disease

A

substantia nigra

39
Q

3 major regions of the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

40
Q

The _____ is the major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem

A

thalamus

41
Q

The ______ controls and integrates activities of the autonomic nervous system; controls the pituitary gland and production of hormones; regulation of emotions; regulations of eating and drinking; control of body temperature; regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness.

A

hypothalamus

42
Q

The ______ secretes the hormone melatonin, it is part of the endocrine system

A

pineal gland

43
Q

The cerebellum consists of ____ cerebellar hemispheres, located posterior to the medulla and pons and inferior to the cerebrum.

A

two

44
Q

The cerebrum consists of the ___ (an outer rim of gray), an ______, and _____.

A

cerebral cortex, internal region of cerebral white matter, gray matter nuclei

45
Q

The cerebral cortex rolls and folds upon itself so that it can fit into the cranial cavity. The folds are called ___

A

gyri

46
Q

The deep grooves between folds (hyri) are _____. The shallow grooves are sulci.

A

fissures

47
Q

The ______ separates the cerebrum into right and left halves called cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

48
Q

The _____ separates the frontal and parietal lobes

A

central sulcus

49
Q

The _______ is located immediately anterior to the central sulcus

A

precentral gyrus

50
Q

The ______ is located immediately posterior to the central sulcus

A

postcentral gyrus

51
Q

4 cerebral hemispheres?

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

52
Q

Encircling the upper part of the brain stem and the corpus callosum is a ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon that constitutes the ______

A

limbic system (limbic border)

53
Q

The limbic system is sometimes called the “____” because it plays a primary role in a range of emotions, including pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger

A

emotional brain

54
Q

Brain controls ___ side of the body: all sensory and motor pathways cross in CNS

A

opposite

55
Q

______ important for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning

A

Left hemisphere

56
Q

_______ more involved with spatial and pattern recognition and emotional content

A

Right side (hemisphere)

57
Q

Cranial nerves emerge from the nose (_____), the eyes (__), the inner ear (___), the brain stem (____), and the spinal cord (__)

A

cranial nerve I, II, VIII, cranial nerves III–XII, XI

58
Q

Three cranial nerves (_, _, and __) contain only axons of sensory neurons and thus are called sensory nerves. 5 cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, XI, XII) contain only axons of motor neurons as they leave the brain stem and are called motor nerves. The other four cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) are mixed nerves because they contain both sensory and motor

A

I, II, and VIII

59
Q

Three cranial nerves (I, II, and VIII) contain only axons of sensory neurons and thus are called sensory nerves. 5 cranial nerves (__, __, __, __, __) contain only axons of motor neurons as they leave the brain stem and are called motor nerves. The other four cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) are mixed nerves because they contain both sensory and motor

A

III, IV, VI, XI, XII

60
Q

Three cranial nerves (I, II, and VIII) contain only axons of sensory neurons and thus are called sensory nerves. 5 cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, XI, XII) contain only axons of motor neurons as they leave the brain stem and are called motor nerves. The other four cranial nerves (__, __, __, __) are mixed nerves because they contain both sensory and motor

A

V, VII, IX, and X

61
Q

○ ______ during first few years of life:
§ Due to increase in size of neurons and proliferation of neuroglia.
§ Increase in development of dendritic branches and synaptic contacts.

A

Rapid brain growth

62
Q

○ From early adulthood through __:
§ Decline in brain mass
§ Fewer synaptic contacts
Some decrease in brain function

A

old age

Paawat ka na ANA PHY LEC pls (15 decks)

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