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Paawat ka na ANA PHY LEC pls > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

produce secondary oocytes and hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, inhibin, and relaxin

A

ovaries

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2
Q

transport the secondary oocyte to the uterus, and normally are the sites where fertilization occurs

A

uterine (fallopian) tubes

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3
Q

the site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor

A

uterus

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4
Q

a receives the penis during sexual intercourse and is a passageway for childbirth

A

vagina

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5
Q

synthesize, secrete, and eject milk for nourishment of the newborn

A

mammary gland

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6
Q
  • Female gonads located in the upper pelvic cavity on either side of the uterus
  • Homologous to the testes
  • One on either side of the uterus
  • Produce secondary oocytes
  • Ovulation
  • Secrete estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin
A

ovary

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7
Q

2 sections of the ovary

A
  • ovarian cortex
  • ovarian medulla
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8
Q
  • Deep to the tunica albuginea
  • Consists of ovarian follicles
  • Surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue that contains collagen fibers and fibroblast-like cells called stromal cells.
A

ovarian cortex

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9
Q

Present in ovarian cortex: Surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue that contains collagen fibers and fibroblast-like cells

A

stromal cells

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10
Q
  • Deep to the ovarian cortex
  • Consists of more loosely arranged connective tissue
  • Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
A

ovarian medulla

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11
Q
  • Production of haploid secondary oocytes
  • Sequence includes meiosis I and meiosis II.
  • Meiosis II is completed only after
    an ovulated secondary oocyte is fertilized by a sperm cell
A

Oogenesis

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12
Q

what sequence is included in the oogenesis?

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

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13
Q

This is completed only after an ovulated secondary oocyte is fertilized by a sperm cell.

A

Meiosis II

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14
Q
  • Transports a secondary oocyte from an ovary to the uterus
  • Normal site of fertilization
  • Includes infundibulum and fimbriae
  • From the infundibulum, these extend medially, attaching to the upper and outer corners of the uterus.
A

Fallopian tube

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15
Q
  • Open, funnel-shaped end of each fallopian tube
  • Lies close to the ovary but is open to the pelvic cavity
A

infundibulum

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16
Q

Fingerlike projections of the fallopian tube or fringe; ends

A

fimbriae

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17
Q

Portion of fallopian tube:
* Widest, longest portion
* Making up about the lateral two thirds of its length

A

Ampulla

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18
Q

Portion of fallopian tube:
* More medial, short, narrow
* Thick-walled portion that joins the uterus

A

Isthmus

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19
Q
  • Serves as pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tubes
  • Site of implantation of a fertilized ovum
  • Development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor
A

Uterus

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20
Q
  • Innermost layer of the uterine wall
  • Undergoes marked changes during the menstrual cycle
A

endometrium

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21
Q

a dome- shaped portion superior to the uterine tubes

A

fundus

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22
Q

a tapering central portion of the uterus

A

body

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23
Q

an inferior narrow portion; opens into the vagina

A

cervix

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24
Q

a constricted region between the body of the uterus and the cervix

A

isthmus

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25
Q

interior of the body of the uterus

A

uterine cavity

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26
Q

interior of the cervix; opens into the uterine cavity at the internal os and into the vagina at the external os

A

cervical canal

27
Q
  • Long fibromuscular canal lined with mucous membrane
  • Extends from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix
  • Outlet for the menstrual flow
  • Receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse
  • Passageway for childbirth
  • The smooth muscle of the wall makes it capable of considerable stretching.
A

Vagina

28
Q

A collective term for the external genitals of the female:
* Mons pubis
* Labia majora
* Labia minora
* Clitoris
* Vestibule
* Vaginal and urethral orifices
* Paraurethral glands
* Greater vestibular glands

A

vulva

29
Q
  • Modified sweat glands that produce milk
  • Lie over the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles
  • Attached to them by a layer of connective tissue
  • Function is to secrete and eject milk
  • Development depends on estrogens and progesterone.
  • Milk production is stimulated by prolactin, estrogens, and progesterone.
  • Milk ejection is stimulated by oxytocin.
A

mammary glands

30
Q

milk production is mainly stimulated by what hormone?

A

prolactin

31
Q

milk ejection is stimulated by what hormone?

A

oxytocin

32
Q

(Cycle)
* For the development of a secondary oocyte

A

ovarian cycle

33
Q

(cycle)
* Preparation of the endometrium each month to receive a fertilized egg

A

Uterine cycle (menstrual)

34
Q
  • The ovarian and uterine cycles are controlled by Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus
  • Stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary
A

female reproductive cycle

35
Q
  • Stimulates development of follicles
  • Initiates secretion of estrogens by the follicles
A

FSH

36
Q
  • Further development of the follicles
  • Secretion of estrogens by follicular cells
  • Ovulation
  • Formation of the corpus luteum
  • Secretion of progesterone and estrogens
A

LH

37
Q
  • Stimulate the growth, development & maintenance of female reproductive structures
  • Development of secondary sex characteristics
  • Protein synthesis
A

estrogens

38
Q

Prepares the endometrium for implantation and the mammary glands for milk synthesis

A

progesterone

39
Q
  • Increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis
  • Helps dilate the uterine cervix to ease delivery of a baby
A

relaxin

40
Q

How long is the female reproductive cycle?

A

24 - 36 days

41
Q

____ is more variable in length than the other phases

A

Preovulatory phase

42
Q

These are secreted by the dominant follicle before ovulation

A

Estrogens

43
Q

After ovulation both progesterone and estrogens are secreted by the ____________.

A

corpus luteum

44
Q
  • Part of the endometrium is shed
  • Discharges blood and tissue cells
  • Roughly the first 5 days of the cycle
  • Several ovarian follicles grow and enlarge
  • Menstrual flow from the uterus consists of 50 to150 mL of blood and tissue cells from the endometrium.
  • Part of the endometrium sloughs off
  • The menstrual flow passes from the uterine cavity to the cervix and through the vagina to the exterior.
A

menstrual phase

45
Q

Menstrual flow from the uterus consists of _____ mL of blood and tissue cells from the endometrium

A

50 to 150

46
Q
  • A group of follicles in the ovaries begins to undergo maturation.
  • One follicle outgrows the others, becomes dominant while the others die.
  • Endometrial repair occurs in the uterus.
  • Estrogens are the dominant ovarian hormones during this phase.
A

Preovulatory phase

47
Q
  • This is the rupture of the dominant mature (Graafian) follicle
  • Release of a secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity
  • Usually occurs on Day 14 of a 28 day cycle
  • It is brought about by a surge in LH.
A

Ovulation

48
Q
  • Both progesterone and estrogens are secreted in large quantity by the corpus luteum of the ovary
  • Uterine endometrium thickens in readiness for implantation.
  • Most constant in duration
  • Lasts for 14 days, from days 15 to 28 in a 28-day cycle.
  • Aka Luteal Phase
A

Post-ovulatory Phase

49
Q

This happens when _____:
* The corpus luteum degenerates
* Results in low levels of progesterone and estrogens
* Allow discharge of the endometrium (menstruation)
* Followed by the initiation of another reproductive cycle

A

If fertilization and implantation do not occur

50
Q

This happens when _______:
* Corpus luteum is maintained by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).

A

if fertilization and implantation occur

51
Q
  • Refers to restricting the number of children by various methods designed to control fertility and prevent conception
  • No single, ideal method of birth control exists.
A

contraception

52
Q

The only method of preventing pregnancy that is 100% reliable

A

Complete abstinence or avoidance of sexual intercourse

53
Q

procedure that renders an individual incapable of further reproduction

A

sterilization

54
Q
  • Principal method for sterilization of males
  • A portion of each ductus deferens is removed
  • Although sperm production continues in the testes, sperm can no longer reach the exterior.
A

vasectomy

55
Q
  • Both uterine tubes are tied closed and then cut
  • Secondary oocyte cannot pass through the uterine tubes
  • Sperm cannot reach the oocyte
A

tubal ligation

56
Q
  • Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs)
  • Progestin-Only Pills
A

Most effective (after abstinence/surgical sterilization)

57
Q
  • Inhibit ovulation by suppressing FSH & LH
  • Prevent dominant follicle development and midcycle LH surge
  • Block implantation and sperm/ova transport (backup action)
A

How Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs) work

58
Q
  • Thicken cervical mucus
  • May block uterine implantation but don’t consistently inhibit ovulation.
A

How Progestin-Only Pills work

59
Q
  • Regulates menstrual cycles
  • Decreases menstrual flow and risk of anemia
  • Protects against endometrial/ovarian cancers
  • Reduces risk of endometriosis
A

Non-contraceptive Benefits

60
Q
  • Not suitable for women with:
  • Blood clotting disorders, hypertension, or heart disease
  • Liver issues or migraines
  • Smoking + pill use = Higher risk of heart attack/stroke
  • Advice for Smokers: Quit smoking or choose alternative methods.
A

Risks of Oral Contraceptives

61
Q

It is the period of time when secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the potential for sexual reproduction arises

A

Puberty

62
Q

In females, the reproductive cycle normally occurs once each month from _______, the first menses, to _________, the permanent cessation of menses.

A

menarche, menopause

63
Q

In males, at about age ___ a decline in testosterone synthesis leads to reduced muscle strength, fewer viable sperm, and decreased sexual desire. However, abundant sperm may be present even in old age.

A

55

Paawat ka na ANA PHY LEC pls (17 decks)

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