Intro to anatomy Flashcards
Science of structure and the relationships among structures
Anatomy
Science of body functions, that is, how’s the body parts function
Physiology
[Anatomy - Levels of Study]
- Large structures
- Easily observable
Gross Anatomy
[Anatomy - Levels of Study]
- Very small structures
- Can only be viewed with a microscope
Microscopic Anatomy/histology
[Anatomy - Levels of Study]
- Normal gross and microscopic features and development of the nervous system
Neuroanatomy (aka Neural HSB)
[Anatomy - Levels of Study]
- Origin and development of the human body from fertilization of the ovum to extra uterine life
Embryology (Developmental HSB)
Levels of Structural Organization?
- Chemical level (atoms, molecules)
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- Organ system level
- Organismal level
[Organ system]
- forms the external body covering
- protects deeper tissue from injury
- synthesizes vitamin d
- location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Integumentary
[Organ system]
- protects and supports body organs
- provides muscle attachment for movement
- cite of blood cell formation
- stores minerals
Skeletal
[Organ system]
- allows locomotion
- maintains posture
- produces heat
Muscular
[Organ system]
- fast-acting control system
- responds to internal and external change
- activates muscles and glands
Nervous
[Organ system]
- secretes regulatory hormones
- growth
- reproduction
- metabolism
Endocrine
What is the “master gland”?
Pituitary gland
[Organ system]
- Transports materials in body via blood pumped by the heart
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- nutrients
- wastes
Cardiovascular
Red veins deliver what type of blood?
Oxygenated blood
Blue veins deliver what type of blood?
Deoxygenated blood
[Organ system]
- returns fluids to blood vessels
- disposes of debris
- involved in immunity
Lymphatic
[Organ system]
- Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
- removes carbon dioxide
Respiratory
[Organ system]
- breaks down food
- allows for nutrient absorption into blood
- eliminates indigestible material
Digestive
[Organ system]
- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
- maintains acid - base balance
- regulation of materials
- water
- electrolytes
Urinary
[Organ system]
- Production of offspring
Reproductive
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Language of anatomy
Anatomical position is when a person is?
- standing erect
- head, eyes, toes directed forward
- heels and toes together fat on the ground
- upper limbs hanging by the sides with the palms facing forward
[ anatomical planes and sections ] equal right and left, only one medial plane
Median or midsagittal plane
[ anatomical planes and sections ] unequal right and left
Sagittal
[ anatomical planes and sections ] equal or unequal front and back
Coronal or frontal plane
Towards the head or upper part of a structure
Superior (cranial)
Away from the head end
Inferior (caudal)
Toward or at the front
Anterior (Ventral)
Toward or at the backside
Posterior (Dorsal)
Toward or at the midline of the body
Medial
Away from the midline of the body
Lateral
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Intermediate
Close to the origin of the body part
Proximal
Father from the origin of a body part
Distal
Toward or at the body surface
Superficial
Away from the body surface
Deep
Means on the same side
Ipsilateral
Means of the opposite side
Contralateral
Movement that forms an acute angle between approximating body parts
Flexion
Forms an obtuse angle between two parts; angle is increased; joint is straightened
Extension
Movement of the body part around its long axis
Rotation
Movement away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane
Abduction
Toward body in coronal plane
Adduction
Combination
Circumduction
To move forward as in forward movement of the jaw
Protraction
Movement backward
Retraction
To raise a body part
Elevation
To lower a body part
Depression
Lateral rotation of the forearm from pronated position; palm facing anteriorly
Supination
Medial rotation of the forearm; palm faces posteriorly
Pronation
Movement of the foot; sole faces in a medial direction or inward
Inversion
Opposite; faces lateral direction or outward
Eversion
Two body cavities and their sub divisions?
- Dorsal cavity
- Cranial cavity
- Vertebral cavity
- Ventral cavity
- Thoracic cavity
- abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity
4 abdominopelvic quadrants?
Right and left upper quadrant, right and left lower quadrants
9 abdominopelvic regions?
Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric, right and left lumbar, umbilical, right and left iliac, hypograstric
Abdominopelvic major organs
Lungs, liver, heart, diaphragm, spleen, stomach, large intestines, small intestines, rectum
The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
Metabolism
Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles inside cells
Movement
The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its environment
Responsiveness
Increase in body size. May be due to an increase in the size of existing cells, the number of cells, or the amount of material surrounding cells
Growth
Process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells
Differentiation
Formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual
Reproduction
- Maintenance of relatively stable conditions
Homeostasis
Ensures that the body’s internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body
Homeostasis
