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1.1 Histology, Anatomy and Physiology > Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of the thyroid gland

2

A

Composed of two lateral lobes joined by the isthmus and may have a third lobe (the pyramidal lobe which extends upwards from the isthmus)

Divided into follicles

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2
Q

How many lobes are there in the thyroid gland?

A

Three

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3
Q

What is the third lobe of the thyroid gland called?

A

The pyramidal lobe

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4
Q

What are the two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland joined by?

A

Isthmus

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5
Q

What is the thyroid gland divided into?

A

Follicles

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6
Q

What is produced by follicle cells?

A

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

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7
Q

What is T4?

A

Thyroxine

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8
Q

What is T3?

A

Triiodothyronine

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9
Q

What cells produce calcitonin?

A

Parafollicle cells

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10
Q

What is produced by parafollicle cells?

A

Calcitonin

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11
Q

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone released?

A

From the pituitary gland in the brain

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12
Q

What is the role of thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid gland hormones

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13
Q

What are the three main roles of the thyroid?

A

Regulation of metabolism and energy balance

Regulation of growth and development

Regulation of the activity of the nervous system

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14
Q

What are the three main signs of thyroxine deficiency in fetal development?

A

Fewer and smaller neurons

Defective myelination

Mental retardation

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15
Q

What are the three main signs of thyroxine deficiency in early years of life?

A

Low stature

Poor development of the brain

Poor development of the reproductive structure

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16
Q

What is the name of the disorder which is caused by thyroxine deficiency in early life?

A

Creatinism

17
Q

How does thyroxine deficiency cause creatinism?

A

Creatinism results from low levels of iodine

Low levels of iodine result from a lack of thyroxine as without it iodine can not be utilised by the thyroid

18
Q

What is the name of the disorder which is caused by thyroxine deficiency in adult years?

A

Myxedema

19
Q

What is the name of the disorder which is caused by hypersecretion of thyroxine ?

A

Grave’s Disease

20
Q

List two of the most common symptoms of Grave’s Disease

A

Enlarged thyroid (called goitre)

Oedema behind eyes (called exophthalmos)

21
Q

What is the role of calcitonin?

A

Regulates the homeostasis of blood calcium and phosphate

22
Q

How does calcitonin lower calcium and phosphate in the blood?

A

By inhibiting bone breakdown and accelerating bone uptake of these minerals

23
Q

What controls calcitonin levels?

A

They are controlled directly by blood calcium feedback on the secretary cells

1.1 Histology, Anatomy and Physiology (40 decks)

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