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1.1 Histology, Anatomy and Physiology > Gastrointestinal Tract - Beginning of Tract > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract - Beginning of Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Give two other names for the mouth.

A

Oral cavity

Buccal cavity

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2
Q

List the five functions of the oral/buccal cavity.

A
  • Mechanical processing
  • Mastication
  • Analysis of bolus
  • Lubrication (saliva)
  • Limited digestion
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3
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing

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4
Q

What is used to lubricate food?

A

Saliva

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5
Q

List the seven structures present in the mouth.

A
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Keratinised in places
  • Buccinator muscles
  • Hard & soft palate
  • Palatoglossal arch
  • Palatopharyngeal arch
  • Uvula
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6
Q

What type of epithelia is found in the mouth?

A

Stratified squamous

Keratinised in places

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7
Q

Give an example of keratinised epithelia in the mouth?

A

Hard plate

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8
Q

Name the two plates of the mouth?

A

Soft plate

Hard plate

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9
Q

Name the two arches of the mouth.

A

Palatoglossal arch

Palatopharyngeal arch

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10
Q

What muscles are found in the mouth?

A

Buccinator muscles

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11
Q

What are buccinator muscles?

A

It holds the cheek to the teeth and assists with chewing

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12
Q

How many types of salivary glands are in the mouth?

A

Three

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13
Q

List the three salivary glands of the mouth.

A

Submandibular

Parotid

Sublingual

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14
Q

What percentage of your saliva is made by the submandibular gland?

A

70%

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15
Q

What percentage of your saliva is made by the parotid gland?

A

25%

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16
Q

What percentage of your saliva is made by the sublingual gland?

A

5%

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17
Q

What is present in the mucous from the submandibular gland?

3

A

HCO-3

Mucins

Amylase

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18
Q

What is HCO-3?

A

Hydrogencarbonate ion

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19
Q

What are mucins and amylase both called?

A

Glycoproteins

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20
Q

What is present in the mucous from the parotid gland?

A

Amylase

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21
Q

What is present in the mucous from the sublingual gland?

A

Its just mucous which acts as a lubricant

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22
Q

How many types of teeth are there?

A

Three

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23
Q

What are the three different types of teeth?

A

Incisors

Cuspids

Bicuspids

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24
Q

What are cuspids also called?

A

Canines

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25
Q

What are bicuspids also callled?

A

Premolars or molars

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26
Q

How are incisors shaped?

A

They are bladed teeth

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27
Q

Describe the positioning of incisors.

A

Central and lateral

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28
Q

How are cuspids shaped?

A

Conical shaped

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29
Q

How are bicuspids shaped?

A

Flattened crows and ridges

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30
Q

What do bicuspids do?

A

Crushing and mashing

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31
Q

What is the shape of the pharynx?

A

“Funnel-shaped”

32
Q

Where is the pharynx?

A

It extends from the nostrils to the trachea

33
Q

In relation to our voice what is the pharynx often called?

A

The resonating chamber

34
Q

How many parts are there to the pharynx?

A

Three

35
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Larynx

36
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

A hollow muscular tube

37
Q

What are the dimensions of the oesophagus?

A

25 x 2 cm

38
Q

What is the oesophagus posterior to?

A

The trachea

39
Q

Where does the oesophagus extend from and to?

A

Extends from the cricoid cartilage (C6) to the cardiac sphincter of the stomach

40
Q

What is secreted in the oesophagus?

A

Abundant mucus

41
Q

What causes Barrett’s Oesophagus?

A

GERD

42
Q

What is GERD?

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

43
Q

What happens in Barrett’s Oesophagus?

2

A

The epithelia adapt to chronic acid exposure from reflux esophagitis

The mucosa is replaced by metaplastic columnar epithelium

44
Q

What replaces the mucosa in Barrett’s Oesophagus?

A

Metaplastic columnar epithelium

45
Q

What is Barrett’s Oesophagus associated with?

A

Oesophageal cancer

46
Q

What is oesophagitis?

A

Inflammation of oesophagus which causes a long term change in tissue - dysplasia

47
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Change in epithelia

48
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

49
Q

How many times does one swallow a day?

A

2400 times a day -> every 40 seconds

50
Q

What are the three phases of deglutition?

A

Buccal phase

Pharyngeal phase

Oesophageal phase

51
Q

Is the buccal phase of deglutition voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

52
Q

How does the buccal phase of deglutition happen?

4

A

The bolus is compressed by the hard palate

The tongue pushes the bolus posteriorly

The soft plate lifts

Bolus enters oropharynx

53
Q

What part of the pharynx does the bolus enter first?

A

Oropharynx

54
Q

Is the pharyngeal phase of deglutition voluntary or involuntary?

A

It is involuntary -> its a reflex

55
Q

Describe the involuntary process of the pharyngeal phase of deglutition

A

It is a pre-programmed all or nothing sequence

56
Q

How does the pharyngeal phase of deglutition occur?

4

A

The bolus contacts palatal arches and uvula

Receptors relay afferents via trigeminal and glossopharyngeal nerves to swallowing centre in medulla

Efferents to pharyngeal constrictor muscles move the bolus into the oesophagus by constricting the pharyngeal wall

Elevation of larynx, folding of epiglottis direct bolus past trachea

57
Q

What is inhibited during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?

A

Respiration

58
Q

What nerves are involved in the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?
(2)

A

The trigeminal nerve

The glossopharyngeal nerves

59
Q

Where is the swallowing centre?

A

The medulla

60
Q

How is the bolus moved into the mouth?

A

By constricting the pharyngeal wall

61
Q

What muscles are involved in the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?

A

The pharyngeal constrictor muscles

62
Q

What happens to the epiglottis during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?

A

The epiglottis is folded

63
Q

What happens to the larynx during the pharyngeal phase of deglutition?

A

The larynx is elevated

64
Q

Describe the oesophageal phase of deglutition.

4

A

Involuntary/reflex

Primary peristaltic waves drive bolus down oesophagus (10s)

Secondary stronger peristaltic waves may be required

Local stretch receptors detect distension and peristaltic contractions are modified (submucosal and myenteric plexus

65
Q

Is the oesophageal phase of deglutition voluntary or involuntary?

A

It is involuntary

66
Q

What drives the bolus down the oesophagus during the oesophageal phase of deglutition?

A

Primary peristaltic waves

67
Q

How long do the primary peristaltic waves last?

A

10 seconds

68
Q

What may be required after the primary peristaltic waves?

A

Secondary stronger peristaltic waves

69
Q

What detects distension of the oesophagus?

A

Local stretch receptors

70
Q

What is the function of the local stretch receptors in the oesophagus?

A

They detect distension and peristaltic contractions are modified accordingly

71
Q

What tissues are responsible for the peristaltic contractions?

A

Submucosal and myenteric plexus

72
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

73
Q

What are the four main causes of dysphagia?

4

A

Stroke - neurological

Cleft palate - genetic

Tumour - obstructive

Scleroderma - muscular

74
Q

What can be used to help dysphagia?

2

A

A nasogastric tube

A PEG tube

75
Q

What is a PEG tube?

A

Percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tube

1.1 Histology, Anatomy and Physiology (40 decks)

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