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1.1 Histology, Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

List the five functions of the skeletal system.

A

Support

Protection

Movement

Mineral storage

Blood cell formation

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2
Q

What does the skeletal system provide along will support?

A

Structure and shape

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3
Q

Give three examples of bones with a protection function.

A

Cranium

Thoracic cage

Long bones

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4
Q

How does the skeletal system have a role in movement?

A

Bones are used for leverage

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5
Q

In relation to its storage function and calcium, what is the skeletal system often called?

A

A calcium reservoir

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6
Q

What minerals are stored in bones?

A

Calcium and lipid

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7
Q

Where is lipid stored in bones?

A

In the yellow marrow of the medullary cavity

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8
Q

How much calcium is stored in bones?

A

1 kg of calcium

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9
Q

What is blood cell formation often called?

A

Haematopoiesis

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10
Q

What type of blood cells are made by bones?

A

Red and white blood cells

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11
Q

Where are red blood cells made?

A

Red bone marrow

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12
Q

Where are white blood cells made?

A

Red marrow

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13
Q

Where do red blood cells mature?

A

In the red marrow

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14
Q

What are the three components of connective tissue (definition)?

A

Cells and fibres in a matrix (also called ground substance)

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15
Q

Are bones a type of connective tissue?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What does ‘osteo’ refer to?

A

Bone

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17
Q

Name the three type of bone cells.

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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18
Q

What is the precursor cell for bone cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor cell

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19
Q

What is an osteoprogenitor cell?

A

A type of stem cell that can form osteoblasts

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20
Q

What is the role of the osteoblasts?

A

They secrete the ‘framework; (the ground substance in its raw form) for calcium phosphate deposition (matrix)

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21
Q

What is the matrix for bone?

A

Calcium phosphate

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22
Q

Explain ossification.

A

Osteoblasts secrete matrix around themselves which then becomes ossified/calcified

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23
Q

What is another word for ossified?

A

Calcified

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24
Q

What is the name given to osteoblasts because of their function?

A

Bone builders - as they form bone

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25
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature osteoblasts - osteoblasts which have become trapped in their own matrix

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26
Q

What is the lacunae?

A

The space in the matrix where osteocytes are trapped

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27
Q

What is the space in the matrix where osteocytes are trapped called?

A

Lacunae

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28
Q

What is the precursor cell for osteoclasts?

A

Monocyte

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29
Q

What is the role of the osteoclast?

A

Matrix degradation - bone degradation

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30
Q

What is matrix degradation?

A

Demineralisation and reabsorption of the matrix

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31
Q

Why does the matrix need to sometimes be degraded?

A

To allow stored calcium to be released and enter the blood stream - occurs when bone is broken down

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32
Q

What determines the rate of bone turnover?

A

The ‘tug of war’ fight between the osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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33
Q

What stimulates bone turnover?

A

It is stimulated when there is stress on a part of the body - reaction to outside mechanical stimuli

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34
Q

How do lacunae appear under a microscope?

A

They appear as little black dots amongst matrix

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35
Q

What are lamellae?

A

These are layers of matrix forming osteons

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36
Q

How do lamellae appear under a microscope?

A

They appear as rings which radiate and get bigger

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37
Q

What are osteons?

A

Lots of lamellae together with a blood vessel in the centre

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38
Q

How do blood vessels in the centre of an osteon appear under the microscope?

A

They appear as a hole in the osteon

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39
Q

Why do bones repair so quickly?

A

They are extremely vascular - each osteon has its own blood supply

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40
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Channels between lacunae

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41
Q

What is the role of canaliculi?

2

A

They allow osteoblasts in lacunae to transport materials between each other

They dump waste into the central canal

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42
Q

How do osteoblasts use canaliculi?

A

Cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes penetrate canaliculi

43
Q

How do canaliculi appear under the microscope?

A

They appear as black lines spread out from lacunae

44
Q

How many types of bone tissue are there?

A

2

45
Q

What are the different types of bone tissue?

2

A

Compact/cortical bone

Spongy/Trabecular/Cancellous bone

46
Q

What is another name for compact bone?

A

Cortical bone

47
Q

What are two other names for spongy bone?

A

Trabecular

Cancellous

48
Q

Describe compact bone.

A

Heavy

No gaps

49
Q

Describe spongey bone

A

Light but strong

Has gaps - allows bone marrow to be stored

50
Q

Name the parts of long bone.

A

Epiphysis

Diaphysis

Metaphysis

51
Q

What is the epiphysis?

2

A

Spongy bone found at each end of long bone

Contains red bone marrow

52
Q

What is the diaphysis?

3

A

Middle of long bone

Compact bone

The inside is the medullary canal

53
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

Where the epiphysis meets the diaphysis

54
Q

What is the metaphysis also called?

A

Epiphyseal plates

55
Q

What is found in the medullary canal?

A

Red and yellow marrow

56
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The outside covering on bone

57
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

The wall of the medullary cavity

58
Q

What is the outside covering on bone called?

A

The periosteum

59
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

The wall of the medullary cavity

60
Q

What is another name for ossification?

A

Osteogenesis

61
Q

How many stages are there to osteogenesis?

A

Embryo

Infants

Adults

62
Q

Describe osteogenesis in an embryo.

A

Its the formation of the skeleton

63
Q

Describe osteogenesis in infants.

A

Its growth and development of the skeleton

64
Q

Describe osteogenesis in adults,

A

This is bone repair and remodeling

65
Q

How often is the entire skeleton replaced?

A

It is replaced every 10 years

66
Q

How many types of osteogenesis take place in embryos?

A

Two

67
Q

What are the two types of osteogenesis that take place in embryos?

A

Intramembranous

Endochondral

68
Q

Give two examples of intramembranous embryonic osteogenesis.

A

Skull

Clavicles

69
Q

What bones are grown through endochondral embryonic osteogenesis?

A

Everything except the skull and clavicles

70
Q

Explain intramembranous growth.

A

Mesenchymal stem cells secrete matrix and eventually become osteoblasts

71
Q

What are mesenchymal stem cells?

A

Stem cells - cell that can become several types of cells but in bone they form osteoblasts

72
Q

Explain endochondral growth.

3

A

This starts as cartilage framework

The cartilage is replaced by bone tissue - calcification

Replaces existing bone and cartilage

73
Q

In general what are the two types of bone growth?

A

Epiphyseal growth (length)

Oppositional growth (circumferential)

74
Q

Explain epiphyseal growth.

7

A

Osteoblasts invade epiphyseal area and replace cartilage with osseous tissue

Cartilage at epiphyses is replaced

Bone increases in length

Chondrocytes ‘run away’ from osteocytes which are ‘chasing’ them which forces bones to become longer

This process is largely controlled by hormones

Osteoblasts catch up with chondrocytes

Plate then becomes calcified and no further changed in bone length can occur

75
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Cartilage producing cells

76
Q

What is the name of cartilage producing cells?

A

Chondrocytes

77
Q

Why do we stop growing in our late teens?

A

This occurs when the osteoblasts manage to catch up with the chondrocytes and calcify the cartilage at epiphyses

78
Q

Explain oppositional growth.

3

A

Osteoblast activity beneath periosteum (osteons develop) – osteoblasts secrete matrix – bone becomes thicker

Osteoclast activity resorb inside creating marrow cavity – nibble away at endosteum and reabsorbing it back into system

Bone gets fatter and fatter – osteoblast and osteoclast activity slows down in late teens due to changes in hormones

79
Q

What controls bone growth?

A

Hormones

80
Q

What are the two skeletons in the body?

A

The axial and appendicular skeleton

81
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

All bones except the spine and skull

Limbs and pelvis etc

82
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

the skull and spine

83
Q

Classify bones.

6

A 
Short
Long
Flat
Sutural
Irregular
Sesamoid
84
Q

What are short bones?

Give 2 examples.

A

Small carpal bones

Bones in wrist
7 bones in the tarsus (ankle)

85
Q

What are long bones?

Give 3 examples.

A

Metacarpals in hands

Phalanges

Radius and ulna

86
Q

What are flat bones?

Give 2 examples.

A

Parietal bone of skull

Ilium of pelvis

87
Q

What are sutural bones?

Give an example.

A

Joining two bones together

Sutures in skull are the only example

88
Q

What are irregular bones?

Give an example.

A

Vertebra

89
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

Give an example.

A

Osseous tissue embedded in a ligament and tendon

The patella

90
Q

What is the healthy range for calcium homeostasis?

A

Ca++ 2.2 - 2.6 mmol.L-1

91
Q

Describe the range of calcium levels in the body.

2

A

They are never stagnant - they always move up and down between two set points

There is a very small window for change

92
Q

What is the name for low calcium levels?

A

Hypocalcaemia

93
Q

What is the name for high calcium levels?

A

Hypercalcaemia

94
Q

Describe hypercalcaemia,

2

A

Reduced excitation of nerve and muscle tissue

Hyper polarises excitation tissue - nervous and muscle tissue - it is harder to excite them and depolarise them - to do their thing

95
Q

What are the symptoms of hypercalcaemia?

4

A

Insomnia

Depression

Polyuria

Death

96
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Excessive urination to excrete excess calcium through the urinary system

97
Q

Describe hypocalcaemia.

2

A

Overexcitation of nerve and muscle tissue

It is much easier to excite the excitable tissues - much less stimulus is needed for these tissues to become depolarised

98
Q

What are the symptoms of hypocalcaemia?

3

A

It leads to convulsions
Throws your heart out of rhythm - arrythmia
Death

99
Q

How many hormones are involved in Ca++ homeostasis?

A

Two

100
Q

What are the two hormones involved in calcium homeostasis?

A

Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone

101
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

The thyroid cell by C cells

102
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone produced?

A

By chief cells in the parathyroid gland

103
Q

What is the role of calcitriol?

A

It converts vitamin D to calcium in the kidney

104
Q

What is the method of homeostasis used in maintaining Ca++ levels?

A

Negative feedback - opposing effects of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

1.1 Histology, Anatomy and Physiology (40 decks)

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