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1.1 Histology, Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does nervous tissue include?

2

A

Nerve cells

Glia

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2
Q

What does the nervous system include?

A

It includes all the nervous tissue of the body

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3
Q

What are the functional units of the nervous system?

A

Nerve cells

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4
Q

What are nerve cells also called?

A

Neurons

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5
Q

What are neurons protected and supported by?

A

Neuroglia or glia

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6
Q

How many different structures of neurons are there?

A

Four

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7
Q

Classify neurons by structure.

A

Anaxonic neuron

Bipolar neuron

Unipolar neuron

Multipolar neuron

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8
Q

Classify neurons by function.

3

A

Sensory neurons

Interneurons

Motor neurons

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9
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

They bring nerve signals to the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

They bring nerve signals from one nerve cell to another within the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

They bring nerve signals away from the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

What are the three main parts of a neuron?

A

Dendrites

Axons

Synapses

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13
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

They receive inputs

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14
Q

What do axons do?

A

Electrical signals travel out along the axon

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15
Q

What do synapses do?

A

A chemical is released at the synapse

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16
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

They are structures that respond to stimuli

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17
Q

From where do nerve cells receive signals?

A

From sensory receptors or other neurons in a circuit

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18
Q

What part of the neuron receives a signal?

A

The dendrite

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19
Q

Where is the dendrite of a neuron located?

A

Around the cell body

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20
Q

What is the cell body also called?

A

Soma

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21
Q

What do neurons do when they receive signals?

3

A

They respond to incoming signals

The cell body decided on response

Response is carried on an axon (AP)

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22
Q

What do axons communicate with?

2

A

Other neurons

Effectors - usually muscle to make a response

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23
Q

What do axons do?

A

They create and pass electrical signals (AP) along their length

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24
Q

How long is the longest axon?

A

1m in length

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25
Q

What is the end of the axon called?

A

The synaptic terminal

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26
Q

What are released from the synaptic terminal?

A

Chemicals

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27
Q

Where do nerves communicate?

A

At a synapse

28
Q

What is a synaptic cleft also called?

A

Junction gap

29
Q

What is a junction gap?

A

Synaptic cleft

30
Q

Classify reflexes

4

A

By processing site

By complexity of circuit

By response

By development

31
Q

What are the two different reflexes that are differentiated by processing site?

A

Spinal reflexes

Cranial reflexes

32
Q

What are spinal reflexes?

A

Processing in the spinal cord

33
Q

What are cranial reflexes?

A

Processing in the brain

34
Q

What are the two different reflexes that are differentiated by complexity of circuit?

A

Monosynaptic

Polysynaptic

35
Q

What is a monosynaptic reflex?

A

One synapse

36
Q

What is a polysynaptic reflex?

A

Multiple synapses (two to several hundred)

37
Q

What are two different reflexes that are differentiated by development?

A

Innate reflexes

Acquired reflexes

38
Q

What are innate reflexes?

A

They are genetically determined

39
Q

What are acquired reflexes?

A

They are learned reflexes

40
Q

What are two different reflexes that are differentiated by response?

A

Somatic reflexes

Visceral (autonomic) reflexes

41
Q

What are somatic reflexes?

2

A

Control skeletal muscle contractions

Include superficial and stretch reflexes

42
Q

What are visceral (autonomic) reflexes?

A

Control actions of smooth and cardiac muscles, gland

43
Q

What is a nerve reflex?

A

A fast, predictable, protective, automatic (subconscious) response to a stimulus

44
Q

What is the circus involved in a nerve reflex?

A

A reflex arc

45
Q

What are the five parts of a reflex arc?

A

Sensory receptor structure

Sensory nerve cell

Interneuron(s) (in most cases)

Motor nerve cell

Effector

46
Q

What does the CNS include?

A

Brain and spinal cord

47
Q

What does a reflex pathway involve?

A

The central nervous system

The peripheral nerves

48
Q

What do the peripheral nerves include?

3

A

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

Sensory receptors

49
Q

Where is sensory information processed?

A

In the central nervous system

50
Q

What is grey matter?

2

A

Grey matter of the brain and spinal cord is where nerve cell bodies are concentrated

This is also the site of incoming signals (and therefore synapses)

51
Q

Why is grey matter grey?

A

Because of cell body structures

52
Q

What is the function of grey matter?

A

Decisions are made in the grey parts of the brain and spinal cord

53
Q

Where is grey matter mostly present in the brain?

A

Grey matter is mostly on the outside of brain tissue

54
Q

Where is grey matter mostly present in the spinal cord?

A

The centre of the spinal cord

55
Q

What is white matter?

A

White matter of the brain and spinal cord is where bundles of axons are found

56
Q

What is the function of white matter?

A

This is because white matter consists of the connections between one part of the brain and another

57
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

White because of fatty tissue (myelin) in the glial cells that surround the axon

58
Q

List the events in the flow of information.

6

A

Sensory receptor

Sensory neuron

Integration

Interneuron

Motor neuron

Effector cells

59
Q

What is grey matter?

A

This is where information from one neuron is passed onto another neuron -> this involves processing

60
Q

What is white matter?

A

Where information is brought from one part of the CNS to another ->this involves pathways

61
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

Nervous tissue that support neurons

62
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

Surround axons in Peripheral nervous system

63
Q

What do schwann cells do?

2

A

They are responsible for myelination of peripheral axons

Participate in repair process after injury

64
Q

Explain the central nervous system (CNS).

3

A

Brain and spinal cord

Divided into grey and white matter

Supported by glia, CT and blood vessels

65
Q

Explain the Peripheral nervous system (PNS).

3

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

Nerves can have both sensory and motor axons

Nerves are supported by glia, CT and blood

1.1 Histology, Anatomy and Physiology (40 decks)

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