Thyroid and parathyroid pathology Flashcards
where are chief cells found
parathyroid glands
what do chief cells produce
parathyroid hormone- pTH
role of PTH
regulates calcium levels in blood and bone
enhances calcium resorption in kidneys and release of calcium from bones
increases production of vitamin D to enhance intestinal calcium absoption
deceases calcium loss in urine, increases phosphate excretion
what receptors do chief cells contain
calcium sensing receptors
parathyroid adenoma
benign tumour
most common cause of hyperparathyroidism
Conditions such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) types 1 and 2 or familial isolated hyperparathyroidism increase the risk.
single parathyroid gland
hyperparathyroidism
excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH) leading to elevated calcium levels in the blood
parathyroid hyperplasia
A non-tumorous condition where all four parathyroid glands are enlarged and hyperfunctioning
It can be sporadic or associated with genetic syndromes like multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
parathyroid carcinom a
extremely rare cancer of parathyroid glands
diagnostic criteria
Parathyroid tumour showing at least one of the following:
Angioinvasion
Lymphatic invasion
Perineural invasion
Invasion of adjacent structures/organs
Regional/distant metastasis
c cells
parafollicular cells
specialised cells in thyroid gland
play essential role in calcium homeostasis
derived from neural crest
staining of c cells
pale staining
where are c cells
between follicular cells or within connective tissue of the gland
what signals the hypothalamus and pituitary to stop stimulating
t3 and t4 when adequate amount
thyroid physiology
hypothalamus produces TRH which stimulates pituitary
pituitary releases TSH which stimulates thyroid gland
thyroid roduces t3 and t4
non neoplastic conditions
Multinodular goitre
Hashimotos thyroiditis
Graves disease
multinodular goitre
thyroid gland becomes enlarged and develops many nodules
commonly due to iodine deficiency
hashimoto thyroiditis
autoimmune process
female predominance
body attacks thyroid gland by producing antobodies to attack
which anitbodies are present in hashimotos
anti thyroid peroxidase - anti TPO
Anti thyroglobulin- anti- Tg
benign neoplasms
follicular adenoma
oncocytic adenoma
benign ish
NIFT-P
Thyroid Tumour of Uncertain Malignant Potential
Hyalising Trabecular Tumour
malignant
Papillary carcinoma
Medullary carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma
Oncocytic carcinoma
High grade follicular cell derived non-anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Differentiated high grade thyroid carcinoma
follicular adenoma v carcinoma
thyroid nodule arising from follicular cells
usually slow growing
lacks capsular/ vascular invasion
if carcinoma then is invasive via vascular / capsular
oncocytic adenoma
swollen and pink cells
encapsulated non invasive
characterised by oncocytes
oncocytes
cells with an abnormal increase in number of mitochondria which gives them a distincitve appearance under microscope
