Diabetes Flashcards
modifiable risk factors
overweight
obesity
energy dense diets
sedentary lifestyles; inactive
non modifiable risk fcators
family history
ethnicity
age
which ethnicity are more likely to get diabetes type 2
south asian descent anfrican caribbean or black african
pharmacological interventions
orlistat
litraglutide
semaglutide
hypoglycaemia v hyperglycaemia
low blood sugar v high blood sugar
causes of hypoglycaemia
Missed / delayed meal
Not enough CHO at last meal
_ physical activity
Too much insulin
Alcohol (esp. on empty stomach)
how is hypoglycaemia treated
insulin/ sulponylurea
what is diabetes
Elevation of blood glucose above a diagnostic threshold
what is the threshold for diabetes based upon
risk of developing rertinopathy
diagnosis of diabetes
Random or 2 hr (after 75g Oral Glucose) glucose >=11.1.
OR
A fasting glucose of >=7.0mmol/L
OR
An HbA1c >= 48mmol/mol
what does the HbA1c test reflect
the percentage of hemoglobin molecules that have glucose attached to them
how is HbA1c formed
When glucose enters the bloodstream, it binds to hemoglobin, forming glycated hemoglobin- HbA1c
what do higher levels of HbA1c indicate
higher average blood sugar levels, which can signal poor blood glucose control in individuals with diabetes or prediabetes
how to measue whether pancreas is funcitoning
measure c peptide
is the sensitivity to insulin still the same in T2DM
yes
what is type 1
autoimmune condition of destruction in beta cells
what is type 2 diabetes
ranges from insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to predominantly an insulin secretory defect with insulin resistance
overview of type 1
onset in children and young adults
npt assoc with overweight
autoimmune
requires insulin treatment- fatal if untreated
symptoms
Polyuria
Thirst and polydipsia
Blurred vision
Genital Thrush
Fatigue
Weight loss
diabetic emergencies
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State
diabetic specific complications
retinopathy
neuropathy
nephropathy
macrovascular compplications
Myocardial Infarction/ACS
Stroke
Peripheral Vascular Disease
what owuld remission of type 1 require
glucose control without the need for exogenous insulin
what can provide remission in type 1
islet transplants though arrely provide long term
not fully possible
