Diabetes

Question 1

modifiable risk factors

Answer 1

overweight
obesity
energy dense diets
sedentary lifestyles; inactive

Question 2

non modifiable risk fcators

Answer 2

family history
ethnicity
age

Question 3

which ethnicity are more likely to get diabetes type 2

Answer 3

south asian descent anfrican caribbean or black african

Question 4

pharmacological interventions

Answer 4

orlistat
litraglutide
semaglutide

Question 5

hypoglycaemia v hyperglycaemia

Answer 5

low blood sugar v high blood sugar

Question 6

causes of hypoglycaemia

Answer 6

Missed / delayed meal
Not enough CHO at last meal
_ physical activity
Too much insulin
Alcohol (esp. on empty stomach)

Question 7

how is hypoglycaemia treated

Answer 7

insulin/ sulponylurea

Question 8

what is diabetes

Answer 8

Elevation of blood glucose above a diagnostic threshold

Question 9

what is the threshold for diabetes based upon

Answer 9

risk of developing rertinopathy

Question 10

diagnosis of diabetes

Answer 10

Random or 2 hr (after 75g Oral Glucose) glucose >=11.1.
OR
A fasting glucose of >=7.0mmol/L
OR
An HbA1c >= 48mmol/mol

Question 11

what does the HbA1c test reflect

Answer 11

the percentage of hemoglobin molecules that have glucose attached to them

Question 12

how is HbA1c formed

Answer 12

When glucose enters the bloodstream, it binds to hemoglobin, forming glycated hemoglobin- HbA1c

Question 13

what do higher levels of HbA1c indicate

Answer 13

higher average blood sugar levels, which can signal poor blood glucose control in individuals with diabetes or prediabetes

Question 14

how to measue whether pancreas is funcitoning

Answer 14

measure c peptide

Question 15

is the sensitivity to insulin still the same in T2DM

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

what is type 1

Answer 16

autoimmune condition of destruction in beta cells

Question 17

what is type 2 diabetes

Answer 17

ranges from insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to predominantly an insulin secretory defect with insulin resistance

Question 18

overview of type 1

Answer 18

onset in children and young adults
npt assoc with overweight
autoimmune
requires insulin treatment- fatal if untreated

Question 19

symptoms

Answer 19

Polyuria
Thirst and polydipsia
Blurred vision
Genital Thrush
Fatigue
Weight loss

Question 20

diabetic emergencies

Answer 20

Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State

Question 21

diabetic specific complications

Answer 21

retinopathy
neuropathy
nephropathy

Question 22

macrovascular compplications

Answer 22

Myocardial Infarction/ACS
Stroke
Peripheral Vascular Disease

Question 23

what owuld remission of type 1 require

Answer 23

glucose control without the need for exogenous insulin

Question 24

what can provide remission in type 1

Answer 24

islet transplants though arrely provide long term
not fully possible

Question 25

what is type 2 initially controlled by

Answer 25

metformin

Question 26

is reversal of hyperglycaemia possible in type 2

Answer 26

yes