Biochemistry of glucose Flashcards
what does glucagon stimulate
insulin release
can the brain make glucose itself
no
where uses the most glucose
the brain
what secretes insulin
pancreatic beta cells
what do alpha cells secrete
glucagon
what do delta cells secrete
somatostatin
what is c peptide a measure of
insulin secretion
where is insulin made
RER of pancreatic b cells
what does <3mmol of insulin correlate to
hypoglycaemia
- confusion, delirium, coma
what does >7mmol correlate to
hyperglycaemia
normal blood glucose range
5mm
what do PP cells secrete
pancreatic polypeptide
msot rapidly acting insulin
insulin lisper, injected within 15 mins of beginning a meal
example of ultra long acting insulin
insulin glargine
aministered as single bed time dose
how does glucose neter b cells
through glut 2 transporter
what is glucose phosphorylated by
glucokinase
what is type 1 diabetes caused by
auto immune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
gestational diabetes
high blood sugar during pregnancy
what does insulin increase
- Amino acid uptake in muscle
- DNA synthesis
- Protein synthesis
- Growth responses
- Glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue
- Lipogenesis in adipose tissue and liver
- Glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle
what does insulin decrease
- Lipolysis
- Gluconeogenesis in liver
what does proinsulin consist of
an A chain, a B chain and a connecting peptide in the middle known as the C peptide
what is insulin synthesised from
preproinsulin - larger single chain preprohormone
how is proinsulin generated
by the removal of preproinsulin’s signalling peptide during insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum
how is the mature form of insulin made
Within the endoplasmic reticulum, proinsulin is exposed to several specific endopeptidases which excise the C peptide, thereby generating the mature form of insulin
