Biochemistry of glucose

Question 1

what does glucagon stimulate

Answer 1

insulin release

Question 2

can the brain make glucose itself

Answer 2

no

Question 3

where uses the most glucose

Answer 3

the brain

Question 4

what secretes insulin

Answer 4

pancreatic beta cells

Question 5

what do alpha cells secrete

Answer 5

glucagon

Question 6

what do delta cells secrete

Answer 6

somatostatin

Question 7

what is c peptide a measure of

Answer 7

insulin secretion

Question 8

where is insulin made

Answer 8

RER of pancreatic b cells

Question 9

what does <3mmol of insulin correlate to

Answer 9

hypoglycaemia
- confusion, delirium, coma

Question 10

what does >7mmol correlate to

Answer 10

hyperglycaemia

Question 11

normal blood glucose range

Answer 11

5mm

Question 12

what do PP cells secrete

Answer 12

pancreatic polypeptide

Question 13

msot rapidly acting insulin

Answer 13

insulin lisper, injected within 15 mins of beginning a meal

Question 14

example of ultra long acting insulin

Answer 14

insulin glargine
aministered as single bed time dose

Question 15

how does glucose neter b cells

Answer 15

through glut 2 transporter

Question 16

what is glucose phosphorylated by

Answer 16

glucokinase

Question 17

what is type 1 diabetes caused by

Answer 17

auto immune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Question 18

gestational diabetes

Answer 18

high blood sugar during pregnancy

Question 19

what does insulin increase

Answer 19

• Amino acid uptake in muscle
• DNA synthesis
• Protein synthesis
• Growth responses
• Glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue
• Lipogenesis in adipose tissue and liver
• Glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle

Question 20

what does insulin decrease

Answer 20

• Lipolysis
• Gluconeogenesis in liver

Question 21

what does proinsulin consist of

Answer 21

an A chain, a B chain and a connecting peptide in the middle known as the C peptide

Question 22

what is insulin synthesised from

Answer 22

preproinsulin - larger single chain preprohormone

Question 23

how is proinsulin generated

Answer 23

by the removal of preproinsulin’s signalling peptide during insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 24

how is the mature form of insulin made

Answer 24

Within the endoplasmic reticulum, proinsulin is exposed to several specific endopeptidases which excise the C peptide, thereby generating the mature form of insulin

Question 25

what does insulin consist of

Answer 25

two polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds

Question 26

role of c peptide when insulin is secreted into the blood

Answer 26

C peptide is also secreted but has no known physiological function - can be used as a measure of endogenous insulin production

Question 27

what does an increased metabolism of glucose lead to

Answer 27

increase in intracellular ATP concentration

Question 28

difference in beta cells in t1 and t2 diabetes

Answer 28

type 1 the beta cells are mostly lost and in type 2 they lose the ability to sense glucose changes

Question 29

t2dm graph of insulin

Answer 29

weakens anf flattens