Thrall Chapter 39 Peritoneal space

Question 1

1) Which of the following are retroperitoneal?
a) Stomach
b) Adrenal glands
c) Ureters
d) Ovaries

Answer 1

B,c. peritoneal- liver, gb, spleen, stomach, most of GIT, ovaries, pancreas. retro- kidneys, ureters, adrenals, major blood vessels. thrall says the ventral part of the prostate is retroperitoneal. ovaries are also questionable.

Question 2

2) The mesenteric root is usually below which lumbar vertebrae?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

Answer 2

B

Question 3

3) Which of the following is not a ligament that attaches the liver to the diaphragm?
a) Diaphragmatic-hepatic
b) Triangular
c) Coronary
d) Falciform

Answer 3

A-made up

Question 4

4) How long can proteinaceous fluids take to be reabsorbed by the body?
a) 24 hours
b) 3-5 days
c) Up to 1 week
d) 1-2 weeks

Answer 4

D

Question 5

5) Steatitis in cats can be caused by a disorder of which vitamin?
a) A
b) D
c) E
d) C

Answer 5

c- if low

Question 6

6) What is the most common primary tumour in the retroperitoneal space?
a) Renal carcinoma
b) Renal lymphoma
c) Lipoma
d) Leiomyoma

Answer 6

c

Question 7

7) Horizontal beam radiographs to look for free peritoneal gas are not recommended with the animal in which recumbency?
a) Right lateral
b) Left lateral
c) Sternal

Answer 7

7) A as gas can be confused with gas in the fundus. the best is dorsal recumbency.

Question 8

8) In dogs, what is the generally accepted minimal amount of air that can be seen in the peritoneal space using ultrasound?
a) 0.2ml
b) 0.4ml
c) 0.6ml
d) 0.8ml

Answer 8

B

Question 9

9) The most common cause of medial iliac lymphadenopathy is…
a) Anal gland infection
b) UTI
c) Neoplasia
d) Discospondylitis

Answer 9

C

Question 10

10) Medial iliac lymph nodes with a resistive index greater than__ are more likely to be neoplastic.
a) 0.475
b) 0.675
c) 0.857
d) 0.957

Answer 10

B

Question 11

11) Which of the following statements is false regarding canine pancreatitis?
a) Dogs with pancreatitis that underwent CT which showed homogenous contrast enhancement and poorly- defined borders of the pancreas had an overall poorer outcome
b) Ultrasonographicaly, the pancreas can be enlarged, hypoechoic with hyperechoic surrounding mesentery
c) The pancreas can appear normal on ultrasound
d) Radiographically, it can cause the sentinel loop sign, but this is not definitive for pancreatitis

Answer 11

11) A. heterogenous had a worse outcome

Question 12

12) True or false, treatment of hyperadrenocorticism with trilostane can cause an initial increase in adrenal gland size?
a) True
b) False

Answer 12

12) A, maximal size usually seen at 6 weeks post starting tx. then static size and irregular margins and parenchyma. mitotane can cause shrinkage of the glands.

Question 13

differentials for adrenal masses

Answer 13

adenona, nodular hyperplasia, carcinoma (inactive or secreting hormona), granuloma, met, pheo, less likely myelolipoma, haemangioma

Question 14

13) Mesocestoides infection has not been shown to cause what changes on abdominal ultrasound?
a) Abdominal effusion
b) Multiple variably sized nodules in the liver
c) Rounded to cylindrical cystic structures which were both free floating and adherent to the serous surfaces
d) Hyperechoic mesenteric fat.

Answer 14

b, could also potentially cause peritonitis due to perforation of the intestinal wall.

Question 15

true or false, hypocalcaemia can result in steatitis?

Answer 15

true if severe, can also cause hyperechoic masses which don’t look like part of an organ in the abdominal cavity.

Question 16

what are the most common causes of retroperitoneal fluid?

Answer 16

haemorrhage (eg rodenticide, trauma) and urine leakage

Question 17

after injection of air in to the peritoneal cavity, how long can the gas still be seen for?

Answer 17

25 days, less for smaller volumes, more for larger volumes

Question 18

which of the following is not part of the celiac lymphocentre?
hepatic
pancreaticoduodenal
jejunal
splenic

Answer 18

jejunal. the celiac lymph centre is all lymph nodes serving organs supplied by the celiac artery0 liver, spleen, gastric, pancreaticoduodenal.

Question 19

where do the jejunal lymph nodes receive afferent lymphatics from?

Answer 19

jejunum, ilieum, pancreas.

Question 20

how can you tell between nodular hyperplasia and neoplasia of the pancreas in cats on ultrasound?
a) neoplasia has a heterogeneous echogenicity
b) neoplasia is usually a single nodule with at least one dimension more than 2cm
c) nodular hyperplasia is usually only in the body of the pancreas

Answer 20

B

Question 21

true or false, ectopic splenic tissue within the pancreas is a common finding?

Answer 21

it is rare but can happen and can be mistaken for tumour

Question 22

what percentage of insulinoms can be detected on ultrasound?
a) 10%
b) 30%
c) 68%
d) 80%

Answer 22

B

Question 23

which is true for CEUS in relation to pancreatic neoplasia?
a) insulinomas are hypervascular and adenocarcinomas are hypovascular
b) insulinomas are hypovascular and adenocarcinomas are hypervascular
c) insulinomas are hypervascular and adenocarcinomas are hypervascular
d) insulinomas are hypovascular and adenocarcinomas are hypovascular

Answer 23

A

Question 24

which zones of the adrenal produce which hormones?

Answer 24

The zona glomerulosa (outer layer) produces mineralocorticoids, the zona fasciculata (middle layer) produces glucocorticoids, and the zona reticularis produces androgen precursors

Question 25

true or false, adrenal gland tumour can be bilateral

Answer 25

true