Chapter 41 Kidneys and ureters

Question 1

1) What is the normal length of canine kidneys on radiographs?
a) 1.5-2.5 x L2
b) 2-3 x L2
c) 2.5-3.5 x L2
d) 3-4 x L2

Answer 1

c

Question 2

2) What is the normal length of feline kidneys (assume young cat) on radiographs?
a) 1.8-2.4 x L2
b) 2.4-3.0 x L2
c) 2-3 x L2
d) 3.2-3.8 x L2

Answer 2

b

Question 3

3) What is the normal range of values for the canine kidney: aortic diameter ratio?
a) 5.5-9.1
b) 5.1-9.5
c) 4.4-7.3
d) 8.1-9.3

Answer 3

a

Question 4

4) What is the advantage of scintigraphy compared to other imaging modalities when imaging the kidneys?
a) It is less expensive
b) It is quick
c) It Gives detailed anatomical information
d) It can help determine the relative contribution of each kidney to total renal function

Answer 4

d

Question 5

5) Enlargement of the right kidney causes displacement of which abdominal structures?
a) Duodenum
b) Descending colon
c) Ascending colon
d) Jejunum

Answer 5

a,c

Question 6

6) Which of the following best describes the appearance of feline kidneys in renal lymphoma?
a) Bilaterally enlarged, irregularly shaped kidneys with a hyperechoic cortex with a subcapsular hyperechoic rim.
b) Bilaterally enlarged, irregularly shaped kidneys with a hyperechoic cortex with a subcapsular hypoechoic rim.
c) Unilaterally enlarged, irregularly shaped kidneys with a hyperechoic cortex with a subcapsular hyperechoic rim.
d) Bilaterally enlarged, smoothly marginated kidneys with a hypoechoic cortex with a subcapsular hyperechoic rim.

Answer 6

b

Question 7

7) What type of inheritance is associated with polycystic kidney disease in cats?
a) Autosomal recessive
b) Autosomal dominant
c) X- linked dominant
d) X- linked recessive

Answer 7

b

Question 8

8) What is the prevalence of circumcaval ureters in cats?
a) 10%
b) 15.3%
c) 22.4%
d) 25%

Answer 8

c. 20% in paper from 2021 (testault et al.)

Question 9

9) Renal pelvis dilation greater than what value has a high specificity for ureteral obstruction?
a) 10mm
b) 11mm
c) 12mm
d) 13mm

Answer 9

d

Question 10

nodular dermatofibrosis is associated with which renal disease?

Answer 10

renal cystadenocarcinoma

Question 11

Polycystic kidney disease has what type of inheritance in cairn terriers?

Answer 11

recessive

Question 12

differentials for primary renal tumours (4)

Answer 12

renal adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma,
papillary carcinoma, and nephroblastoma.
-Other tumors that
may affect the kidneys are histiocytic sarcoma, plasma cell
tumor, metastatic carcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, and lympho-
sarcoma

Question 13

differentials for non- neoplastic mass lesions in kidneys (3)

Answer 13

granuloma (eg fungal), abscess, haematoma,

Question 14

what is the least useful way to distinguish pyelonephritis from other causes of pyelectasia?
a) pelvis size more than 3.6mm
b) blunting of the renal pelvis and diverticulae with distortion.
c) echogenic content in the pelvis

Answer 14

A. In severe acute pyelonephritis, regional inflammation of the perirenal fat results in a hyperechoic rim around the kidney and proximal ureter, often with a small amount of retroperitoneal effusion. Thickening of the proximal ureteral wall and mild ureteral dilation without evidence of intraluminal obstruction are observed commonly.

Question 15

radiographic signs for renal hyperparathyroidism (3)

Answer 15

bone resorption of the jaw and skull first, with the lamina dura more evident, thin cortex and double cortical line in long bones, metastatic mineralisation of other organs eg stomach, blood vessels, parenchymal organs. may have mild hyperplasia of the parathyroids if chronic (on ultrasound)

Question 16

which disease is most likely if there is a decent initial nephrogram that gradually fades over 1-3 minutes?
a) normal
b) insufficient contract
c) primary polyuric renal failure
d)generalised renal disease
e)extra renal obstruction
f) poor blood flow
g) hypotension, acute tubular necrosis or obstruction
h) renal failure

Answer 16

A

Question 17

which disease is most likely if there is a poor initial nephrogram which fades quickly (2)?
a) normal
b) insufficient contract
c) primary polyuric renal failure
d)generalised renal disease
e)extra renal obstruction
f) poor blood flow
g) hypotension, acute tubular necrosis or obstruction
h) renal failure

Answer 17

B, C

Question 18

which disease is most likely if there is a poor initial nephrogram followed by persistent opacification?
a) normal
b) insufficient contract
c) primary polyuric renal failure
d)generalised renal disease, renal failure
e)extra renal obstruction
f) poor blood flow
g) hypotension, acute tubular necrosis or obstruction

Answer 18

D

Question 19

which disease is most likely if there is a poor initial nephrogram followed by an increase in opacity (3)?
a) normal
b) insufficient contract
c) primary polyuric renal failure
d)generalised renal disease
e)extra renal obstruction
f) poor blood flow
g) hypotension, acute tubular necrosis or obstruction
h) renal failure

Answer 19

E, F, G (G-just hypotension and not the others)

Question 20

which disease is most likely if there is a good initial nephrogram followed by persistent or increasing opacity (2)?
a) normal
b) insufficient contract
c) primary polyuric renal failure
d)generalised renal disease
e)extra renal obstruction
f) poor blood flow
g) hypotension, acute tubular necrosis or obstruction
h) renal failure

Answer 20

G, H including contrast induced renal failure

Question 21

which disease is most likely if there is a poor opacification in the pyelogram phase?
a) normal
b) insufficient contract
c) primary polyuric renal failure
d)generalised renal disease
e)extra renal obstruction
f) poor blood flow
g) hypotension, acute tubular necrosis or obstruction
h) renal failure

Answer 21

H- reduced concentrating ability

Question 22

differentials for ureteral dilation (5)

Answer 22

obstruction, ectopic, inflammation, atony, tear (A, E, I, O, T)

Question 23

In the following paper: Comparison of non-enhanced computed tomography and ultrasonography for detection of ureteral calculi in cats (2021). A prospective study. a renal pelvis size and ureter size greater than XXX, XXX was always associated with ureteral calculi?
a) 4mm, 2mm
b) 5mm, 3mm
c) 5mm, 5mm
d) 3mm, 3mm

Answer 23

B