Thrall chapter 35 Cardiovascular system Flashcards
1) The vertebral heart score in dogs is…
a) A good quantitative measure of cardiac size that takes in to account the effect of body habitus.
b) How low inter-reader variability
c) Varies little due to the cardiac cycle and respiratory phase
d) Useful to serially monitor a patient to monitor disease progression.
D
2) True or false, coughing is a common symptom caused by CHF in dogs?
a) True
b) False
b
3) Radiographic signs of left ventricular enlargement are more common in which scenarios?
a) Increased afterload e.g. aortic stenosis
b) Increased preload e.g. PDA
c) Increased afterload e.g. PDA
d) Decreased preload e.g. MMVD
3) B (A? see comment) increased preload causes eccentric hypertrophy which is usually more visible than concentric hypertrophy on radiographs. PDA causes higher volumes of blood to enter the left side of the heart. MMVD causes increased preload as blood goes back in to the LAtrium . aortic stenosis causes concentric hypertrophy more likely which can be harder to see- but enlargement can sometimes be seen.
4) What is the most common cause of right atrial enlargement in dogs?
a) Tricuspid dysplasia
b) Pulmonic stenosis
c) PDA
d) Aortic stenosis
A
5) Which of the following statements is false?
a) Radiographic signs of enlargement of the main pulmonary artery are rarely seen in cats
b) Aortic undulation should and aortic knob formation should prompt measurements of blood pressure in cats
c) Measurements of the size of the caudal vena cava are an accurate indicator of central venous pressure
d) The right cranial pulmonary artery and vein are best visualized in a left lateral thoracic radiograph
5) C. Thrall says a tortuous aorta is incidental but a more recent paper did find it more commonly in patients with systemic hypertension holland 2022.
6) Which pulmonary arteries are most commonly enlarged with heartworm disease in dogs?
a) Right cranial
b) Left cranial
c) Right caudal
d) Left caudal
6) C. but any can be affected. Caudal more commonly and right caudal the most.
7) Which of the statements is false regarding heartworm disease in experimentally infected cats?
a) The main pulmonary artery is often enlarged
b) Enlarged lobar pulmonary arteries are always seen
c) A bronchointerstitial pattern is seen in approximately 50% of cases
d) Echocardiography is not always accurate for diagnosis as is depends on worm burden.
7) B. the arteries can enlarge and go back to normal. Sometimes only a bronchial pattern is seen (so consider heartworm if in an endemic region) , but enlarged arteries can be an early indicator. the mpa does enlarged but not easily seen in cats.
8) In large dogs with heart failure due to DCM, what is the usual lung pattern?
a) Diffuse alveolar
b) Interstitial to alveolar, caudodorsal location
c) Unstructured interstitial.
d) Broncho-interstitial
D
9) Which of the following is NOT commonly a radiographic sign seen with aortic stenosis?
a) Enlargement of the aortic arch
b) Enlarged pulmonary parenchymal arteries
c) Left atrial dilation
d) Elongation of the left ventricle
B
the most common sign of left atrial enlargement in cats is…
a) valentine shaped heart in the vd/dv
b) concave depression on the dorsocaudal aspect of the cardiac in a lateral projection
c) focal bulge at 2-3 o clock on a dv/ vd
d) abaxial widening of the mainstem bronchi in a dv/vd
a, then b, but b not super common
which of these is not seen with left ventricular enlargement?
a) dorsal deviation of the trachea
b) elongation of the left ventricle
c) the cardiac apex may appear blunted in a dv or vd
d) abaxial displacement of the main stem bronchi
d
true or false? radiographs are better at detecting right ventricular hypertrophy than left ventricular hypertrophy?
true
what are the radiographic signs of right ventricular enlargement?
increased sternal contact (in excess of 3 intercostal spaces- normal is 2.5-3) deep chested dogs may normally only have 1.5-2 in contact with the sternum. barrel chested breeds may expect to have more contact. with hypertrophy the apex could be dorsally displaced off the sternum. reverse d shape.
how can you tell if the vena cava is enlarged?
if it is consistently larger in diameter than the 5 or 6 vertebral body in the lateral projection. or more than 1.5 times the descending aorta.
what conditions may cause increased size of both the pulmonary arteries and veins (4)?
left to right shunts (PDA, VSD, ASD), peripheral arteriovenous fistula, iatrogenic fluid overload, fluid retention due to reduced cardiac output.
