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ANAT1030 > Thorax - Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Thorax - Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What structures does the thoracic wall protect?

A
  1. lungs
  2. heart
  3. great vessels
  4. liver
  5. spleen
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2
Q

what are the skeletal components of the thoracic wall?

A
  1. 12 thoracic vertebrae
  2. 12 pairs of ribs
  3. sternum
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3
Q

What are the parts of the sternum?

A
  1. manubrium
  2. body
  3. xiphoid process
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4
Q

what important structure on the manubrium of the sternum can you palpate?

A

jugular notch

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5
Q

What is the first rib you can palpate?

A

cartilage of the 2nd rib

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6
Q

What is the importance of the Angle of Louis?

A

It is a landmark to find the 2nd rib

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7
Q

what are 2 joints found in the the sternum?

A
  1. manubriosternal joint

2. Xiphisternal joint

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8
Q

what ribs are true ribs?

A

1st-7th

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9
Q

what ribs are floating ribs?

A

11th-12th

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10
Q

what ribs are false ribs?

A

8-10th

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11
Q

True (vertebrosternal) ribs

A

They attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilages

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12
Q

false (vertebrochondral) ribs

A

Their cartilages are connected to the cartilage of the rub above them; thus their connection with the sternum is indirect

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13
Q

Floating (vertebral, free) ribs

A

The rudimentary cartilages of these ribs do not connect even indirectly with the sternum; instead they end in the posterior abdominal musculature

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14
Q

what ribs are considered “typical ribs”

A

3rd - 9th

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15
Q

Which ribs are atypical ribs?

A

1, 2, 10-12th

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16
Q

What kind of joints connect the ribs to the vertebrae?

A

synovial joints

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the costal groove?

A

to protect intercostal vessels and nerves (VAN)

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18
Q

What does elevation of the lower ribs during inspiration do?

A

increases transverse diameter of thoracic cavity

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19
Q

What does elevation of the sternum do?

A

increases A-P dimension of thoracic cavity

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20
Q

The muscles of the thoracic wall are innervated by what nerve?

A

intercostal nerves

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21
Q

the scalene muscles are innervated by?

A

branches of the cervical plexus

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22
Q

what muscles are used during inspiration?

A
  1. scalenus muscles

2. external intercostal muscles

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23
Q

what muscles are used during expiration?

A
  1. internal intercostal muscles
  2. innermost intercostal muscles
  3. transverse thoracic muscle
  4. subcostal muscles
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24
Q

what action does the scalenus and external intercostal muscles perform?

A

they elevate the ribs during inspiration

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25
Q

what action do the muscles of expiration perform?

A

depression of ribs during expiration

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26
Q

what does the diaphragm separate?

A

separates the thoracic cavity from abdominal region

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27
Q

Which side of the diaphragm is higher? Why?

A

the right side because the liver is directly underneath . It is on the level of T8

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28
Q

What level of the diaphragm is the left side on?

A

T9

29
Q

What are the 3 major openings in the diaphragm?

A
  1. vena caval aperture
  2. aortic aperture
  3. esophageal aperture
30
Q

what are some examples of actions that the diaphragm take part in?

A
  • coughing
  • forced defecation
  • weight lifting
  • principle muscle of respiration
31
Q

what nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

32
Q

where is the phrenic nerve derived from?

A

C3, C4, C5 - the cervical plexus because the diaphragm develops in the neck and travels downward to the diaphragm

33
Q

what arteries are the posterior and anterior intercostal arteries derived from?

A

posterior intercostal artery –> the thoracic aorta

the subclavian artery
–> anterior intercostal arteries

34
Q

Where are the major blood vessels found in relation to the ribs?

A

they are found on the underside of the rib.

35
Q

what important vein does the azygos vein merge with?

A

the superior vena cava

36
Q

the subcostal nerve comes from the ventral ramus of what vertebrae?

A

ventral rams of T12

37
Q

what does the subcostal nerve innervate?

A

antero-lateral abdominal region

38
Q

thoracoabdominal nerves

A

T7-T12

39
Q

which nerves give rise to the intercostobrachial nerves ?

A

2nd and 3rd

40
Q

what is found in the 11 intercostal spaces?

A
  1. intercostal muscles
  2. blood vessels
  3. nerves
41
Q

where is the endothoracic fascia attached?

A

to ribs and muscles

42
Q

where is the parietal pleura attached?

A

to endothoracic fascia

43
Q

visceral pleura

A

attached to lung surface

44
Q

parietal pleura

A

attached to the inner surface of the chest wall

45
Q

what are the 2 nerves supplies that innervate the parietal pleura?

A
  1. intercostal nerves - costal pleura

2. phrenic nerve - mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleura

46
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

47
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

48
Q

which fascia is attached to the ribs and muscles?

A

Endothoracic fascia

49
Q

true or false, the parietal pleura is attached to endothoracic fascia

A

TRUE

50
Q

serous fluid

A

A thin film that separates visceral and parietal pleura and reduces friction during breathing

51
Q

name the different parts of the parietal pleura

A
  1. cervical pleura
  2. mediastinal pleura
  3. costal pleura
  4. diaphragmatic pleura
52
Q

what are the components of the hilum?

A
  1. pulmonary artery
  2. pulmonary veins
  3. bronchus
    - autonomous nerves
    - lymph nodes
    - bronchial arteries
    - bronchial veins
    - lymphatic vessels
53
Q

In which bonchus does aspiration of foreign bodies occur? Why?

A

right; because it is not angled and is very direct

54
Q

how many brochopulmonary segments does the right lung have?

A

10

55
Q

how many brochopulmonary segments does the left lung have ?

A

9

56
Q

which lung lobes drain into the right lymphatic duct?

A

The 3 lobes of the right lung and the lower lobe of the left lung.

57
Q

What lung lobes drain into the left lymphatic (thoracic) duct?

A

only the upper lobe of the left lung

58
Q

What lymph nodes drain the lungs, heart and mediastinal organs?

A
  1. tracheobronchial

2. retro and partracheal lymph nodes

59
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

space between the pleural cavities

60
Q

what are the major organs of the mediastinum?

A
  1. trachea
  2. esophagus
  3. lymph vessels and nodes
  4. thymus
  5. great vessels
  6. heart
  7. nerves
61
Q

What arteries make up the aortic arch?

A
  1. brachiocephalic trunk
  2. left common carotid artery
  3. left subclavian artery
62
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate?

A

cervical plexus (C3-C5)

63
Q

what is the sensory innervation of the phrenic nerve?

A
  1. pericardium
  2. parietal pleura - mediastinal, diaphragmatic
  3. parietal peritoneum - underside of diaphragm
64
Q

in relation to the anterior scalenus muscle, where does the phrenic nerve run?

A

ventral to the anterior scalenus muscle. also descends anterior to the roots of the lungs and between the fibrous pericardium and the mediastinal pleura

65
Q

what is the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

It is a branch of the vagus nerve that provides motor innervation to most of the muscles of the larynx. Also provides sensory innervation to the inferior larynx and courses lateral to the trachea

66
Q

why does lung cancer cause hoarseness in the voice?

A

results from invasion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

67
Q

where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

the left jugular-subclavian junction

68
Q

where does 3/4 of the body drain venous blood into?

A

the thoracic duct

ANAT1030 (21 decks)

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