Nervous System I Flashcards
What 2 cranial nerves are found in the midbrain?
CN III and CN IV
Where is the substantial nigra located?
Midbrain
What is the function of the substantia nigra?
regulating motor activity
What area of the brain is damaged in parkinson’s disease?
substantia nigra
What is the reticular formation important in? Where is it located?
Consciousness and arousal. It is located in the midbrain
What are the functions of the Diencephalon? (3)
relays sensory, motor and autonomic information to cerebral cortex
What are the parts of the hindbrain?
- pons
- medulla (oblongata)
- cerebellum
What consists of the brainstem?
- midbrain
- pons
3 medulla
What cranial nerves are found in the Pons?
V, VI, VII, VIII
What cranial nerve nuclei are found in the medulla?
IX, X, XII
What functions do the medulla help control?
critical for control of cardiovascular and respiratory systems
What functions do the cerebellum control?
- maintaining equilibrium (receives inputs from vestibular apparatus of inner ear)
- Fine motor coordination (receives input from cerebrum (via pons) & proprioceptors - from spinal cord
- important for automatic/non-conscious adjustments in posture and locomotion
What are the names of the 3 meninges?
- Dura Mater
- Arachnoid Mater
- Pia Mater
What are the functions of the meninges?
- Protection
- Compartmentalization
- Conduit
What is a neuron?
specialized cells for rapid communication; reception, transduction and conduction of stimuli. They conduct signal (action potential) from one part of cell to another and which is then transmitted to other cells
glia
also known as neuroglia: support cells of the nervous system
SRI
serotonin reuptake inhibitors
what are the neuroglia in the cns called?
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
- microglia
what are the neuroglia called in the PNS?
- schwann cells
2. satellite cells
astrocyte functions
- physical/structural support
- secreting growth factors
- metabolic support
- transmitter “scavengers” (limit diffusion)
- ionic and pH balance of environment
oligodendrocytes
provide the myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS
in MS, what is targeted?
oligodendrocytes
microglia
- macrophages of the nervous system (immune cells of the CNS)
- protect against viruses, bacteria and tumor cells
during inflammation of the CNS what neuroglia cells are activated?
microglia
schwann cells
myelin producing cells of the PNS
satellite cells
support cells of the PNS found within ganglia
how many spinal nerves?
31
what is part of the central nervous system,?
- brain
2. spinal cord
what is included in the PNS?
- cranial nerves (12)
- spinal nerves (31)
- associated structures like ganglia and sensory nerve endings
what is fray matter?
consists of neurons embedded within glia
white matter
nerve dibres/axons embedded in glial cells
are blood vessels present in gray and white matter?
yes
what are the 3 main sections that the brain is divided into?
- forebrain
- midbrain
- hindbrain (continuous with spinal cord)
forebrain
- telencephalon
2. diencephalon
midbrain
mesencephalon
hindbrain
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
what does the telencephalon consist of?
- cerebral cortex (gray matter)
- white matter (axons)
- ventricles
- basal ganglia/basal nuclei
what sulcus separates the hemispheres?
longitudinal cerebral fissure
3 imp concepts in cortical function
- functional localization
- “contralateral nature”
- cortical functions depend on connectivity
what is the frontal lobe responsible for?
movements/motor, behaviour, speech, decision making, feelings, abstract thinking, intellect, personality
what separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
central sulcus
where is the primary motor cortex?
frontal cortex, pre-central gyrus
post-central gyrus
found in the parietal lobe, primary somatosensory cortex. receives somatosensory information from opposite side of the body
what is the parietal lobe critical for?
interpretation and understanding of sensory input
what sulcus separates the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe?
parietocciptal sulcus
occipital lobe
vision
what two important areas are found in the temporal lobe?
- primary auditory cortex
2. primary olfactory cortex
what important structure is found in the temporal lobe?
hippocampus
What makes up the basal nuclei?
- caudate
- putamen
- globus pallidus
what is the importance of the basal nuclei?
important in regulating motor activity
what occurs when there is a lesion in the basal nuclei?
movement disorders called dyskinesias: involuntary or diminished movement . ex huntington’s disease
what is in the diencephalon?
- hypothalamus
- thalamus
- subthalamus
- epithalamus
