Lecture 1 Flashcards
<p>What does 'Palmer' mean?</p>
<p>pertaining to the palm of the hand</p>
<p>What does 'plantar' mean?</p>
<p>pertaining to the sole of the foot</p>
<p>Dorsal</p>
<p>pertaining to the back of the hand or foot </p>
<p>superior</p>
<p>moving towards the head</p>
<p>inferior</p>
<p>moving towards the feet</p>
<p>Anterior</p>
<p>pertaining to/located toward the front (ventral)</p>
<p>Posterior</p>
<p>pertaining to/located toward the back (dorsal)</p>
<p>medial</p>
<p>toward the midline</p>
<p>lateral</p>
<p>away from the midline</p>
<p>superficial</p>
<p>moving outwards toward the surface</p>
<p>deep</p>
<p>moving inwards from the surface</p>
<p>proximal</p>
<p>close to, or toward the trunk</p>
<p>distal</p>
<p>away from the trunk</p>
<p>What are the three planes of the body? Describe them. </p>
<p>Transverse, coronal, sagittal</p>
<p>Transverse</p>
<p>divides the body into superior and inferior portions</p>
<p>coronal</p>
<p>divides body into anterior and posterior halves</p>
<p>sagittal</p>
<p>divides body into right and left halves</p>
<p>What plan does flexion/extension occur?</p>
<p>sagittal plane ex.walking</p>
<p>what plane does abduction and abduction occur in?</p>
<p>frontal/coronal plane</p>
<p>What plane does medial (internal) rotation/ lateral (external) rotation occur in?</p>
<p>transverse plane</p>
<p>Name other body movements (6)</p>
<p>1. Elevation/depression
2. Protrusion/Retrusion
3. Inversion/Eversion
4. Pronation/Supination
5. Circumduction
6. Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion</p>
<p>How many bones does the average human skeleton have?</p>
<p>206</p>
<p>What are the 2 main parts of the skeleton?</p>
<p>Axial and Appendicular</p>
<p>How many bones are in the axial skeleton? in the Appendicular?</p>
<p>axial - 80, appendicular - 126</p>
<p>Name the functions of bones (5)</p>
<p>1. structure and support
2. movement
3. protection of organs
4. production of blood cells (hematopoesis)
5. Storage of energy (fat) and minerals (calcium)</p>
<p>What are the 4 types of bone?</p>
<p>1. long bones
2. flat bones
3. short bones
4. irregular bones </p>
<p>Long bones</p>
<p>long, tubular bones typically found in the limbs</p>
<p>flat bones</p>
<p>act as protection for organs (skull, ribs)</p>
<p>short bones </p>
<p>cuboidal in shape and found only in the wrist and ankle (carpals and tarsals) </p>
<p>irregular bones</p>
<p>various shapes (ex. bones of the face, vertebrae)</p>
<p>What are the 3 types of joints?</p>
<p>1. fibrous joints
2. cartilaginous joints
3. synovial joints</p>
<p>cartilaginous joints</p>
<p>2 types: primary cartilaginous and secondary cartilaginous</p>
<p>Synovial joint</p>
<p>- most common type of joint which provides the greatest range of motion.
- Consists of 2 bones whose articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage).
- Bones are separated by a joint cavity lined with synovial membrane and surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
- The synovial membrane produces synovial fluid</p>
<p>What are the 3 types of synovial joints? Give examples</p>
<p>1. Uniaxial - 1 type of movement
2. Biaxial - 2 types of movement
3. Multiaxial - multiple types of movement </p>
<p>What are the functions of skeletal muscle? (4)</p>
<p>1. Joint stability
2. Joint motion
3. Postural control
4. Absorption of force </p>
<p>What is the function of cardiac heart muscle?</p>
<p>Contraction of the heart</p>
<p>What are some the functions of smooth muscle? (stomach, intestines, blood vessels) (4)</p>
<p>1. Movement of internal organs (e.g peristalsis)
2. Constriction of blood vessels
3. Secretion from glands
4. Goosebumps (erector pilae muscles) </p>
<p>Sarcomere</p>
<p>Basic functional unit of muscle</p>
<p>Order muscle structure from smallest to largest</p>
<p>Sarcomere --> Myofibrils --> muscle fibers --> muscle fascicles --> muscle </p>
<p>Collinear muscles </p>
<p>Long parallel fibres with greater range of motion, but generate less force </p>
<p>Pennate muscles</p>
<p>feather-like, shorter, angled fibres with lesser range of motion, but generate large amounts of force </p>
<p>What is an antagonist muscle?</p>
<p>A muscle that produces movement in the opposite direction</p>
<p>What are the components of the axial skeleton? (4)</p>
<p>1. skull
2. vertebrae
3. ribs
4. sternum (breastbone)</p>
<p>Name the sections of the vertebral column starting from the top</p>
<p>cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal (coccyx)</p>
<p>What are the 3 functions of the vertebral column?</p>
<p>1. support - maintain upright posture
2. protection - for spinal cord
3. movement - flexion/extension, lateral flexion, rotation</p>
<p>How many curvatures does the vertebral column have? </p>
<p>4; cervical (2 degrees), thoracic (1) , lumbar (2), sacral (1)</p>
<p>Primary curvatures</p>
<p>present at birth and are due to the shape of the vertebral bodies </p>
<p>secondary (compensatory) curvatures</p>
<p>are postural and are mainly due to the shape of the intervertebral discs</p>
<p>When does upright posture begin?</p>
<p>12-18 months</p>
<p>When does an infant start supporting its head?</p>
<p>4-9 months</p>
<p>Excessive thoracic curvature </p>
<p>kyphosis (hunchback) </p>
<p>Excessive lumbar curvature </p>
<p>lordosis (swayback)</p>
<p>scoliosis</p>
<p>abdnormal lateral curvature of the spine</p>
<p>What are the two main sections of a vertebrae that make up its general structure?</p>
<p>1. Body
2. Vertebral Arch
</p>
<p>Vertebral arch functions </p>
<p>It is the posterior portion of the vertebrae, and surrounds and protects the spinal cord. It forms a closed circle with the body of the vertebrae</p>
<p>2 parts of the vertebral arch</p>
<p>1. pedicles; which extend posterior from both sides of the body
2. laminae; complete the posterior margins of the arch</p>
<p>spinous processes</p>
<p>bony processes which extend posteriorly from the junction of the two laminae</p>
<p>transverse processes</p>
<p>bony processes which extend sideways from the junction between the pedicle and lamina</p>
<p>vertebral foramen</p>
<p>the opening created by the vertebral arch. Contains the spinal cord. Together, the vertebral foramina form the vertebral canal</p>
What is the function of the spinous process and transverse process?
muscle attachement
What is the function of the articular process?
Restriction of movement
What is the function of the vertebral arch?
protection of the spinal cord
vertebral body
support of body weight
What is the intervertebral foramen and what is its function.
a foramen produced from two notches when two vertebrae are stacked on top of each other. It provides a passage for spinal nerves to exit the vertebral column
What is the function of the Intervertebral disc ?
It is the secondary cartilaginous joints between vertebral bodies. Functions to stabilize the vertebral column, weight bearing, and shock absorption
What are the 2 main parts of an intervertebral disc?
- Annulus fibrosus
2. Nucleus pulposus
annulus fibrosus
tough, fibrocartilage rings that make up the outer wall of the intervertebral disc. Distribute pressure evenly.
nucleus pulposus
the jelly-like substance in the middle of the intervertebral disc - shock absorber
What is an intervertebral disc herniation
When the annulus fibrosus degenerates and ruptures the nucleus pulpous herniates through the tear and presses on a spinal nerve or on the spinal cord.
Zygapophyseal (facet) joints
- joints between vertebral arches
- they are flat surfaces
superior and inferior articular processes
the bony processes which extend upwards and downwards from the junction between the pedicle and lamina
What numbers are the cervical vertebrae?
C3-C7
What are the distinguishing features of the cervical vertebrae?
- small vertebral bodies
- short transverse process
- foramina carry vertebral arteries (except C7)
- C7 has the longest spinous process of the cervical vertebrae and is not bifid
- facets are at 45 degree angles
large vertebral foramen
What is the cervical vertebrae C1? What is its function?
- Atlas
- supports the skull
- no vertebral body
- no spinous process
- 2 lateral masses joined by anterior and posterior arches
- tubercles in the vertebral foramen for attachment of the transverse ligament of atlas
- superior articular facets articulate with the occipital condyle of the skull
The superior articulate facets articulate with which part of the skull?
occipital condyle
What is C2 called?
axis
what is the defining feature of the axis? Why is it important?
the dens; projects through the vertebral foramen to articulate with the atlas. It is held in place by the transverse ligament of the atlas
Junction of C1/C2
creates the Atlanto-Axial joint
What are the distinguishing features of the thoracic vertebrae? (6)
- heart shaped vertebral body
- superior and inferior costal facets on vertebral body for rib attachment
- round vertebral foramen
- long pointed spinous vertebrae that overlap each other like shingles on a roof - stability
- long transverse processes for rib attachment
- superior and inferior articular facets are vertical and facilitate lateral flexion
What are the distinguishing features of the lumbar vertebrae?
- Large kidney-shaped bodies
- triangular vertebral foramen
- long slender transverse processes
- thick, square-shaped spinous processes which extends straight back
- “grasping” articular facets face in sagittal place - allow flexion and extension
What are the movements of the spine?
flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation
Can flexion and extension occur in the thoracic region?
no. But can occur in the cervical and lumbar region
Can rotation occur in the thoracic region?
Yes, as well as the first 2 cervical vertebrae. It is restricted in the lumbar region.
What is the range of motion in the cervical spine?
- flex/ext
- rotation
- lateral flexion
* built for mobility
what is the range of motion in the thoracic spine?
- rotation
- lateral flexion
- little flex/ext
* built for stability
What is the range of motion in the lumbar spine?
- some lateral flexion
- little rotation
- built for flex/ext
How many fused vertebrae compose the sacrum?
5
Where does the superior surface of the sacral vertebra articulate?
with the body of L5
sacral promontory
the projecting anterior margin of S1
What is the posterior surface of the sacrum rough?
for muscle and ligament attachement
What is the median crest in the sacrum analogous to?
the spinous processes
What are the lateral crests in the sacrum analogous to?
transverse processes
What are the sacral foramina analogous to ?
intervertebral foramen
coccyx
the tailbone formed by the fusion of 3-4 rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae attached to the distal end of the sacrum.
