Retroperitoneum & Renal System Flashcards
poasterior parietal peritoneum
covers retroperitoneal structures
What do the endocrine glands (pancreatic isletss) of the pancreas secrete?
- insulin
- glucagon
- somatostatin
enters blood
what do the exocrine glands of the pancreas secrete? (acinar cells)
pancreatic juice:
- trypsin
- chymotrypsin
- lipases
what two ducts open into the papilla vateri (duodenal papilla)?
- exocrine pancreas duct
- common bile duct
they open into the lumen of the duodenum
What would obstruction of the papilla by a bile stone cause?
- pale, fatty feces
2. pancreatitis (autolysis)
What is the pH of the duodenum? why?
basic, in order to neutralize the acidic chymus from the stomach
Name the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta
- celiac trunk
- superior mesenteric
- inferior mesenteric
- median sacral
name the paired branches of the abdominal aorta
- inferior phrenic
- suprarenal
- lumbar
- ovarien/testicular
- common iliac
digestive tract and spleen are special in that their venous drainage drains into what?
vena portae
where is all lymph collected? where is it located?
cysterna chyli; just inferior to the diaphragm and ascends into the thoracic duct
What are the 3 blood sources that supply the adrenal (suprarenal) glands?
- inferior phrenic arteries (suprarenal)
- abdominal aorta
- renal arteries
What does the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?
- glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- mineral corticoids (aldosterone)
- androgens (dehydroepi-androsterone)
What does the medulla of the adrenal gland produce?
- catecholamines:
a) adrenaline (epinephrine)
b) noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
What is the only source of androgens in females?
the cortex of the suprarenal gland
What part of the adrenal gland is responsible for long term stress response?
Cortex
What part of the adrenal gland is responsible for short term stress response?
medulla
What is the result of the long-term stress response from the adrenal gland?
mineralcorticoids
- retention of sodium and water by kidneys
- increased blood volume and blood pressure
glucocoticoids
- proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy
- increased blood sugar
- suppression of immune system
what is the result of the short-term stress response from the adrenal gland?
- increased heart rate
- increased blood pressure
- liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood
- dilation of bronchioles
- changes in blood flow patterns leading to increased alertness, decreased digestive system activity, and reduced urine output
- increased metabolic rate
what types of nerves activate the fast and temporary stress response?
sympathetic nerves that innervate the adrenal medulla
What are the urinary organs?
- kidney
- ureter
- bladder
- urethra
What is found in the hilum of the kidney?
- renal vein
- renal artery
- ureter
What protects the kidney?
renal fascia and fat capsule
What are the functions of the kidney?
- blood filtration
- blood reabsorption
- excretion
electrolyte balance and blood volume regulation
what does the kidney produce and secrete?
- renin
- erythropoietin (EPO)
3 vitamin D3
what is the function of the renal pelvis?
collects urine from the renal papillae and connects to the ureter
Where does the ureter enter the bladder?
at the trigone
how long is the ureter?
20-30cm
does the ureter have muscle in it?
yes, 3 layers of smooth muscle that facilitate peristalsis
where does the female ureter enter the urinary bladder ?
crosses beneath the uterine artery
where does the male ureter enter the urinary bladder?
lateral and inferior to ductus deference; joins the bladder superior to seminal vesicles
what supplies blood to the ureter?
variable branches of overran, common and internal iliac artery
Where are the 3 contractions of the ureter?
- exit from the hilum
- crossing of iliac blood vessels and the pelvic brim
- entrance into bladder
what are the differences in the urethra in men and women ?
women: the urethra is tightly connected to the anterior wall of the vagina
men: the prostate surrounds the proximal urethra
Which part of the male urethra is most vulnerable during catheter insertion?
membranous part
describe the parts of the male urethra
- intravesicular part
- prostatic urethra
- membranous urethra
- spongy (penile) urethra
- navicular fossa
- external urethral orifice
Describe the prostatic urethra
- the widest part and contains the openings of the ejaculatory ducts and of the prostatic ductules
- can be obstructed by proliferating tissue in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
Describe the spongy part of the male urethra
- located within the corpus spongiosum of the penis
Describe the female urethra
- short (4cm long)
- external urethral orifice located in the vestibule, anterior to vaginal orifice
- female urethra and vagina are connected through connective tissue and pass together through pelvic diaphragm, perineal membrane and external urethral sphincter
what muscle is found in the bladder? sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation?
Detrusor muscle (smooth muscle) parasympathetic innervation
Describe prostate gland secretions
- 20-30% of ejaculate volume
- acidic secretions (pH 6.4), serous and milky
- contains immunoglobulins, acidic phosphatase, proteases, fibrinolytic enzymes, zinc, prostaglandins, citrate (acidic pH), spermin
Where is the prostate gland situated?
- in the pelvis beneath the urinary bladder
- just above the pelvic floor
- surrounding the proximal part of the male urethra
What two structures join to form the ejaculatory duct?
- seminal vesicle
- ampulla of the vas deferens
ejaculatory duct enters the prostatic urethra
what artery supplies the seminal vesicle and the prostate?
inferior vesicle artery
what is the venous drainage of the prostate and seminal vesicles?
vesicoprostatic venous plexus around the base of the urinary bladder
3 zones of the prostate and position of the seminal vesicles
- transition or central zone
- periurethral zone
- peripheral zone
lumbar plexus nerves
- iliohypograstic nerve
- illioinguinal nerve
- genitofemoral nerve
- obturator nerve
- femoral nerve
- lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
sacral plexus
- sciatic nerve
- superior gluteal nerve
- inferior gluteal nerve
- pudendal nerve
- posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
- direct branches to muscles of the pelvis
