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ANAT1030 > Retroperitoneum & Renal System > Flashcards

Retroperitoneum & Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

poasterior parietal peritoneum

A

covers retroperitoneal structures

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2
Q

What do the endocrine glands (pancreatic isletss) of the pancreas secrete?

A
  1. insulin
  2. glucagon
  3. somatostatin

enters blood

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3
Q

what do the exocrine glands of the pancreas secrete? (acinar cells)

A

pancreatic juice:

  1. trypsin
  2. chymotrypsin
  3. lipases
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4
Q

what two ducts open into the papilla vateri (duodenal papilla)?

A
  1. exocrine pancreas duct
  2. common bile duct

they open into the lumen of the duodenum

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5
Q

What would obstruction of the papilla by a bile stone cause?

A
  1. pale, fatty feces

2. pancreatitis (autolysis)

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6
Q

What is the pH of the duodenum? why?

A

basic, in order to neutralize the acidic chymus from the stomach

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7
Q

Name the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta

A
  1. celiac trunk
  2. superior mesenteric
  3. inferior mesenteric
  4. median sacral
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8
Q

name the paired branches of the abdominal aorta

A
  1. inferior phrenic
  2. suprarenal
  3. lumbar
  4. ovarien/testicular
  5. common iliac
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9
Q

digestive tract and spleen are special in that their venous drainage drains into what?

A

vena portae

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10
Q

where is all lymph collected? where is it located?

A

cysterna chyli; just inferior to the diaphragm and ascends into the thoracic duct

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11
Q

What are the 3 blood sources that supply the adrenal (suprarenal) glands?

A
  1. inferior phrenic arteries (suprarenal)
  2. abdominal aorta
  3. renal arteries
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12
Q

What does the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?

A
  1. glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  2. mineral corticoids (aldosterone)
  3. androgens (dehydroepi-androsterone)
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13
Q

What does the medulla of the adrenal gland produce?

A
  1. catecholamines:
    a) adrenaline (epinephrine)
    b) noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
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14
Q

What is the only source of androgens in females?

A

the cortex of the suprarenal gland

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15
Q

What part of the adrenal gland is responsible for long term stress response?

A

Cortex

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16
Q

What part of the adrenal gland is responsible for short term stress response?

A

medulla

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17
Q

What is the result of the long-term stress response from the adrenal gland?

A

mineralcorticoids

  1. retention of sodium and water by kidneys
  2. increased blood volume and blood pressure

glucocoticoids

  1. proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy
  2. increased blood sugar
  3. suppression of immune system
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18
Q

what is the result of the short-term stress response from the adrenal gland?

A
  1. increased heart rate
  2. increased blood pressure
  3. liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood
  4. dilation of bronchioles
  5. changes in blood flow patterns leading to increased alertness, decreased digestive system activity, and reduced urine output
  6. increased metabolic rate
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19
Q

what types of nerves activate the fast and temporary stress response?

A

sympathetic nerves that innervate the adrenal medulla

20
Q

What are the urinary organs?

A
  1. kidney
  2. ureter
  3. bladder
  4. urethra
21
Q

What is found in the hilum of the kidney?

A
  1. renal vein
  2. renal artery
  3. ureter
22
Q

What protects the kidney?

A

renal fascia and fat capsule

23
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A
  1. blood filtration
  2. blood reabsorption
  3. excretion

electrolyte balance and blood volume regulation

24
Q

what does the kidney produce and secrete?

A
  1. renin
  2. erythropoietin (EPO)
    3 vitamin D3
25
Q

what is the function of the renal pelvis?

A

collects urine from the renal papillae and connects to the ureter

26
Q

Where does the ureter enter the bladder?

A

at the trigone

27
Q

how long is the ureter?

A

20-30cm

28
Q

does the ureter have muscle in it?

A

yes, 3 layers of smooth muscle that facilitate peristalsis

29
Q

where does the female ureter enter the urinary bladder ?

A

crosses beneath the uterine artery

30
Q

where does the male ureter enter the urinary bladder?

A

lateral and inferior to ductus deference; joins the bladder superior to seminal vesicles

31
Q

what supplies blood to the ureter?

A

variable branches of overran, common and internal iliac artery

32
Q

Where are the 3 contractions of the ureter?

A
  1. exit from the hilum
  2. crossing of iliac blood vessels and the pelvic brim
  3. entrance into bladder
33
Q

what are the differences in the urethra in men and women ?

A

women: the urethra is tightly connected to the anterior wall of the vagina
men: the prostate surrounds the proximal urethra

34
Q

Which part of the male urethra is most vulnerable during catheter insertion?

A

membranous part

35
Q

describe the parts of the male urethra

A
  1. intravesicular part
  2. prostatic urethra
  3. membranous urethra
  4. spongy (penile) urethra
  5. navicular fossa
  6. external urethral orifice
36
Q

Describe the prostatic urethra

A
  • the widest part and contains the openings of the ejaculatory ducts and of the prostatic ductules
  • can be obstructed by proliferating tissue in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
37
Q

Describe the spongy part of the male urethra

A
  • located within the corpus spongiosum of the penis
38
Q

Describe the female urethra

A
  1. short (4cm long)
  2. external urethral orifice located in the vestibule, anterior to vaginal orifice
  3. female urethra and vagina are connected through connective tissue and pass together through pelvic diaphragm, perineal membrane and external urethral sphincter
39
Q

what muscle is found in the bladder? sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation?

A

Detrusor muscle (smooth muscle) parasympathetic innervation

40
Q

Describe prostate gland secretions

A
  • 20-30% of ejaculate volume
  • acidic secretions (pH 6.4), serous and milky
  • contains immunoglobulins, acidic phosphatase, proteases, fibrinolytic enzymes, zinc, prostaglandins, citrate (acidic pH), spermin
41
Q

Where is the prostate gland situated?

A
  • in the pelvis beneath the urinary bladder
  • just above the pelvic floor
  • surrounding the proximal part of the male urethra
42
Q

What two structures join to form the ejaculatory duct?

A
  1. seminal vesicle
  2. ampulla of the vas deferens

ejaculatory duct enters the prostatic urethra

43
Q

what artery supplies the seminal vesicle and the prostate?

A

inferior vesicle artery

44
Q

what is the venous drainage of the prostate and seminal vesicles?

A

vesicoprostatic venous plexus around the base of the urinary bladder

45
Q

3 zones of the prostate and position of the seminal vesicles

A
  1. transition or central zone
  2. periurethral zone
  3. peripheral zone
46
Q

lumbar plexus nerves

A
  1. iliohypograstic nerve
  2. illioinguinal nerve
  3. genitofemoral nerve
  4. obturator nerve
  5. femoral nerve
  6. lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
47
Q

sacral plexus

A
  1. sciatic nerve
  2. superior gluteal nerve
  3. inferior gluteal nerve
  4. pudendal nerve
  5. posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
  6. direct branches to muscles of the pelvis

ANAT1030 (21 decks)

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