Head and Neck - Clinical Anatomy

Question 1

Bell’s Palsy

Answer 1

idiopathic and acute, peripheral nerve palsy resulting in inability to control facial muscles on the affected side because of the involvement of the facial nerve.

inflammation/ injury to the facial nerve

etiology:
1. viral infection
2. inflammation
3. microvascular disease ex. diabetes

Question 2

What foramen does the facial nerve emerge from?

Answer 2

stylomastoid foramen

Question 3

In which fascia are the muscles of facial expression located?

Answer 3

superficial fascia

Question 4

Which muscle of the face is not inverted by the facial nerve? What nerve innervates it?

Answer 4

levator palpebrae superioris muscle; occulomotor nerve, CNIII

Question 5

facial nerve sensory innervation function

Answer 5

1. taste from tongue and hard and soft palates

2. skin around ear

Question 6

facial nerve parasympathetic regulation

Answer 6

1. stimulation of lacrimal, sub-mandibular, sublingual glands, mucous membranes of nose

Question 7

facials nerve motor innervation

Answer 7

1. muscles of facial expression, such as orbicularis oculi & oris, occipitals, and platysma
2. nerve to stapedius muscle (ossicles - hearing)

Question 8

What happens when the facial nerve damage occurs and causes a loss of buccinator and orbicularis oris function?

Answer 8

This will cause drooling and difficulty in maintaining food in the mouth while chewing.

Question 9

Which nerves are involved in the corneal reflex?

Answer 9

trigeminal nerve (V) –>afferent & facial nerve –> efferent (VII)

Question 10

How is the corneal reflex tested?

Answer 10

The examiner touches a wisp of cotton on the cornea and if a blink occurs then this is a positive and normal response. If a blink does not occur, then there is damage to the CNV1 nerve and/or CNVII (motor) nerve.

Question 11

Which muscles of the face would be affected by Bell’s palsy?

Answer 11

All muscles innervated by the facial nerve (VII).  
Some important muscles:
1. frontalis
2. orbicularis oculi 
3. orbicularis oris 
4. platysma 
5. buccinator

Question 12

What happens when there is blunt trauma to the eye?

Answer 12

blow-out fracture; A sudden rise in pressure in the orbit blows a fracture through the bone and into the sinus. If this involves the floor of the orbit, the cheek below the ye and upper gums in the mouth can often become numb due to damage to a sensory nerve that runs in the floor of the orbit

Question 13

What are the muscles innervated by the occulomotor nerve?

Answer 13

1. medial rectus
2. superior rectus
3. inferior rectus
4. inferior oblique
5. levator palpebrae superioris

Question 14

What muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve?

Answer 14

lateral rectus

Question 15

What muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve?

Answer 15

Superior oblique

Question 16

What three nerves innervate the extraocular muscles?

Answer 16

1. occulomotor (III)
2. trochlear (IV)
3. abducens (VI)

Question 17

torticollis (wry neck)

Answer 17

A form of dystonia (prolonged muscle contractions) in which the neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid) contract involuntarily causing the head to turn

Question 18

What innervates the sternocleidomastoideus muscle?

Answer 18

Accessory nerve (XI)

Question 19

What nerve innervates the trapezius muscles?

Answer 19

Accessory nerve (XI)

Question 20

What muscles do the accessory nerves innervate?

Answer 20

1. sternocleidomastoid

2. trapezius

Question 21

What are the 2 triangles of the neck?

Answer 21

1. posterior

2. anterior

Question 22

Pterion

Answer 22

The site where meningeal artery runs between the skull and the meninges

Question 23

Epidural hemorrhage

Answer 23

results from injuries to the meningeal arteries or veins. The most common artery to be damaged is the anterior division of the middle meningeal artery.