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ANAT1030 > Nervous System III > Flashcards

Nervous System III Flashcards

1
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer that is though and fibrous and continuous with dura of brain (through the foramen magnum) and ends at 2nd sacral vertebrae

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2
Q

What is the epidural space? What does it contain?

A

in between dura and spinal canal and contains C.T., fat, & veins

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3
Q

arachnoid

A

adherent to dura; continuous with arachnoid of brain

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4
Q

What is the space between the pia and the arachnoid called?

A

subarachnoid space

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5
Q

Where does the dura mater end?

A

2nd sacral vertebrae

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6
Q

Where does the arachnoid end?

A

S2

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7
Q

What is the space called which is used for access to cerebrospinal fluid (without damming the cord) during anesthesias? Where is it located?

A

lumbar cistern; it is located between L1-L2 and S2

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8
Q

Where does the pia end?

A

S2

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9
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

innermost meningeal layer that is adherent to the cord and is continuous with the pia of the brain

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10
Q

what are denticulate ligaments?

A

Small ligaments of the spinal cord that attach the spinal cord to the dural sac

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11
Q

what is contained in the epidural space of the spinal cord?

A

fat, connective tissue and blood vessels

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12
Q

how far does the dura/arachnoid sac extend?

A

from the foramen magnum to the 2nd sacral vertebrae

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13
Q

conus medullaris

A

where the spinal cord ends at L1 and L2

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14
Q

lumbar cistern (pool)

A

refers to the collection of CSF letween L2 and S2

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15
Q

cauda equina

A

(bundle of nerves) lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerve roots that extend to exit the dural sac at a lower level

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16
Q

what are 2 main clinical uses of the lumbar cistern?

A
  1. sampling CSF for diagnostic purposes

2. administering anaesthetic

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17
Q

filum terminale

A

extension of pia from the conus medullaris that tethers the cord to the end of the dural sac

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18
Q

What are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord?

A
  1. cervical (C4-T1)

2. lumbosacral (L2-S3) enlargement

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19
Q

cervical enlargement

A

C4-T1; site of innervation of arm; roots are short and horizontal

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20
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A

L2-S3; site of innervation of leg; roots are long and vertical (forming the cauda equina)

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21
Q

dorsal horn

A

sensory: it processes and relays sensory information to the brain. Sensory info enters the cord via the dorsal root

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22
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons

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23
Q

What root contains afferent fibres? What do these fibbers carry?

A

Dorsal root; carry sensory info (touch, temp, pain and proprioception)

24
Q

what is contained in the ventral horn?

A

Large motor neurons that project to muscle (via ventral root)

25
Q

motor efferents

A

motor neurone that project to muscle from the ventral root

26
Q

What is found in the white matter of the spinal cord?

A
  1. nerve fibres
  2. neuroglia
    3 blood vessels
27
Q

why is white matter white?

A

high fat content (myelin)

28
Q

the nerve fibres in the white matter arise from cell bodies located in what 3 places?

A
  1. brain: descending axons from cerebrum and brainstem
  2. spinal cord: Ascending axons from fray matter of spinal cord (dorsal horn)
  3. Periphery: ascending axons from dorsal root ganglion
29
Q

Where on the spinal cord is there a maximum of sensory nerves?

A

the top of the spinal cord because sensory information travels up the cord to the brain. There are more sensory fibres added to sensory pathways as they ascend the cord.

30
Q

What happens to the number of fibres in the white matter as you move down the cord? Why?

A

decreases;

31
Q

what are the 2 ascending pathways ?

A
  1. sensory - touch, vibration, proprioception

2. sensory - pain & temp

32
Q

descending pathway

A

motor - corticospinal innervation of motor neurone in ventral horn

33
Q

what makes up the fray matter of the cord?

A
  1. neuronal cell bodies

2. neuroglia

34
Q

dorsal horn of gray matter

A

receives sensory input via dorsal root. Site of numerous interneurons and projection neurons

35
Q

ventral horn of gray matter

A

motor function; sends projections to skeletal muscle via ventral root

36
Q

how many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

37
Q

how many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8 pairs

38
Q

how many thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12

39
Q

how many lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

5

40
Q

how many sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5

41
Q

how many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1

42
Q

Where do cervical nerves exit the vertebrae?

A

above; e.g. 5th cervical nerve is above the 5th cervical vertebrae; 8th cervical nerve is below 7th vertebrae

43
Q

do spinal nerves always exit above the vertebrae?

A

no, below C7 vertebrae, the nerves exit below. Eg. T1 nerve is below the T1 vertebrae

44
Q

name 2 tyoes of mechanoreceptors

A
  1. neuromuscular spindles

2. golgi tendon organs

45
Q

neuromuscular spindles

A

receptors for stretch, respond to change in length ( basis for stretch reflex)

46
Q

golgi tendon organ

A

stimulated by tension in tendons (protection against damage from excessive stretch)

47
Q

3 times of sensory stimuli

A
  1. mechanical (mechanoreceptors)
  2. Pain (thermoreceptors)
  3. Temperature (thermoreceptors)
48
Q

myotomes

A

motor innervation; refers to muscles innervated by the motor fibres of a spinal nerve

49
Q

dermatomes

A

sensory information ; area of skin innervated by the sensory fibres of a spinal nerve

50
Q

Where do the dorsal rami travel and innervate?

A

travel posteriorly around vertebral column to innervate muscles and skin of the back

51
Q

ventral rami

A

travels anteriorly to innervate the muscles and skin of the anterolateral body wall

52
Q

nerve plexus

A

formed by ventral rami of spinal nerves. A mixture of nerve fibres (from more than 1 spinal nerve) in the peripheral nerves

53
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5-T1: motor and sensory innervation for shoulder and upper limb

54
Q

cervical plexus

A

C1-C4: motor innervation of muscles of neck and diaphragm; sensory innervation of neck, diaphragm and adjacent peritoenum

55
Q

lumbar plexus

A

T12-L4: motor for hip muscles, quads and sartorius muscles. Sensory innervation of lower ant abdomen, ventral thigh and knee

56
Q

sacral plexus

A

L4/5 - S3: motor for pelvis, perineum, and most muscles of lower limb (not quads and sartorius). Sensory for perineum and most of lower limb

ANAT1030 (21 decks)

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