Head and Neck - Lecture 1

Question 1

How many bones is the neurocranium made up of?

Answer 1

8 bones total

4 single bones:

1. frontal (1)
2. ethmoid (2)
3. sphenoid (3)
4. occipital (4)

2 sets of paired bones

1. temporal (5 & 6)
2. parietal (7 & 8)

Question 2

neurocranium

Answer 2

The bony case of the brain and its membranous coverings, the cranial meninges. It also contains the proximal parts of the cranial nerves and the vasculature of the brain.

calvaria - skullcap
cranial base - basicranium

consists of 8 bones

Question 3

viscerocranium

Answer 3

The facial skeleton. Forms the anterior part of the cranium and consists of bones surrounding the mouth nose and most of the orbits. Consists of 15 bones:

3 singular bones:
mandible, ethmoid and vomer

6 paired bones:

1. maxilla
2. inferior nasal concha
3. zygomatic
4. palantine
5. nasal
6. lacrimal

Question 4

Why are the sinuses important?

Answer 4

The sinuses make the skull lighter so that it does not take as much energy to carry. The maxillary sinus is the storage space for teeth before the baby teeth come out. They are also important for resonation of the voice.

Question 5

What is the biggest sinus in the skull?

Answer 5

maxillary sinus

Question 6

The muscles of facial expression are innervated by what nerve?

Answer 6

Facial Nerve (VII)

Question 7

What happens to patients with Bell’s Palsy?

Answer 7

Bell’s Palsy occurs when there is a peripheral lesion to facial nerve. Muscles on one side of the face are not innervated.

1. droopy eyelid, dry eye; or excessive tears
2. twitching or weakness
3. Dropping corner of mouth, dry mouth

Question 8

fascia

Answer 8

A cartilaginous sock that surrounds muscle to allow isolation

Question 9

What are the muscles of mastication?

Answer 9

1. temporalis
2. lateral pterygoid
3. medial pterygoid
4. masseter

Question 10

What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

Answer 10

Mandibular nerve (V3)

*The mandibular nerve is the 3rd branch of the trigeminal nerve V (5) and is the only motor component

Question 11

What muscles close the mouth?

Answer 11

1. masseter
2. temporal
3. medial pterygoid

Question 12

What muscles open the mouth?

Answer 12

1. lateral pterygoid

2. supra-/infrahyoid muscles

Question 13

What muscles contribute to protrusion of the mouth?

Answer 13

1. lateral pterygoid
2. masseter
3. medial pterygoid

Question 14

What muscles contribute to retrusion of the mouth?

Answer 14

1. temporal

2. masseter

Question 15

What areas do the external carotid and internal carotid arteries supply?

Answer 15

External - has many branches and supplies face

internal - provides the brain with blood. Posterior to external carotid artery

Question 16

What is the infratemporal fossa?

Answer 16

Part of the temporal region of the skull. It is an irregular shaped space deep and inferior to the zygomatic arch, deep to the rams of the mandible and posterior to the maxilla.

Question 17

What important artery is found in the infratemporal fossa?

Answer 17

Maxillary artery. It is the major artery to the deep face. Arises posterior to the neck of the mandible, courses anteriorly deep to the neck of the mandibular condyle, and then passes superficial or deep to the lateral pterygoid.

Question 18

What important nerve is found in the infratemporal fossa?

Answer 18

Mandibular Nerve

Question 19

What connects the infratemporal fossa to the eye?

Answer 19

inferior orbital fissure

Question 20

How many primary teeth are there? How many permanent teeth?

Answer 20

20; 32

Question 21

Cleft Lip

Answer 21

During the development of the bony pallet, incomplete closure of hard palette and sometimes lip (soft palette). This prevents children from feeding properly. Milk comes out of the nose.

Question 22

Which nerves are involved in taste sensations?

Answer 22

trigeminal - V
Facial - VII
Glossopharyngeal IX
Vagus - X

Question 23

When someone is hanged, what happens to the cervical vertebrae?

Answer 23

The muscles that insert, rip off the bone. Example in notes showed C2 broken.

Question 24

cervical vertebral column

Answer 24

1. mobile “rod” of cervical vertebrae
2. attachment points for muscles and fascia
3. casing for the vertebral artery and spinal cord

Question 25

What are the movements of the neck?

Answer 25

1. Retroflexion
2. Anteflexion
3. Sideflexion

Question 26

What would happen if there was a compression of the spinal cord at C5?

Answer 26

Everything below 5 will cease to innervate