Abdomen II: Abdominal Viscera Flashcards
Trace the path from start to finish of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
mouth –> esophagus –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine –> anus
What does the esophagus do?
Carries food from the mouth to the stomach via peristalsis
At what level does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm to reach the stomach?
T10
What region in the abdominal cavity is the stomach situated?
left hypochondriac and epigastric region
How many parts is the stomach divided into? Name them
6 parts:
- cardia
- fundus
- cardiac notch
- body
- pyloric antrum
- pyloric canal
what is the name for the mucosal folds in the stomach that are highly ridged?
rugae
what is the pyloric sphincter
A thick band that controls the passage of food from the stomach into the small intestine (duodenum)
During digestion, what is the role of the small intestine?
nutrient absorption
What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?
- superior (1st) - anterolateral to body of L1 vertebra
- descending (2nd) - descends along the right side of the L1-L3 vertebrae. Where the major duodenal papilla is located
- horizontal (3rd) - cross the L3 vertebrae
- ascending (4th) - begins at the left of the L3 vertebrae, ascending to the superior border of the L2 vertebrae
The majority of the jejunum is located in what quadrant?
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
the majority of the ileum is located in what quadrant?
Right Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
What is the difference in colour between the jejunum and ileum?
J - deeper red
I - pale pink
what is the difference in wall thickness between the jejunum and ileum?
J - thick
I - thin
What is the difference in vascularity between the jejunum and ileum?
J - more vascular
I - less vascular
What is the difference between the vasa recta (blood vessels in mesentery) between the jejunum and ileum?
J - long
I - short
What is the difference in the arcades (blood vessels in the mesentery) between the jejunum and ileum?
J - A few large loops
I - lots of short loops
What is the difference in mesentery fat between the jejunum and ileum?
J - Less
I - More
What is the difference in the plicae circulares (internal circular folds) between the jejunum and ileum?
J - lots of prominent folds, tightly bunched
I - sparse, absent in the distal part of the ileum
What is the different in peyer’s patches (lymphoid nodules) between the jejunum and ileum?
J - few
I - Many
Describe the parts of the large intestine
cecum –> ascending –> transverse –> descending –> sigmoid colon – rectum –> anal canal
What is the purpose of the large intestine in digestion?
re-absorbs water and electrolytes
What are 3 distinguishing features of the large intestine?
- teniae coli
- haustra
- epiploic appendages
teniae coli
- found on the large intestine; 3 longitudinal bands of muscle
Haustra
- sacculations found along the length of the large intestine
- formed by the action of the teniae coli
epiploic appendages
- small peritoneal pouches filled with fat
What is the cecum?
- the first part of the large intestine that is continuous with the ascending colon
- point where the ileum meets the large intestine
vermiform appendix
A blind-ending tube that is worm shaped. It is usually found posterior to the cecum (retrocecal)
What are the major functions of the liver ?
- major metabolic organ - fats, proteins, carbohydrates
- glycogen synthesis and storage
- production of bile (fat digestion)
- detoxification of blood (excretion of bilirubin, metabolism of alcohol and other drugs)
What are the 4 lobes of the liver?
- right lobe
- left lobe
- caudate lobe (next to inferior vena cava)
- quadrate lobe (next to gall bladder)
What is the purpose of the gall bladder?
stores and concentrates bile
What organ produces bile?
liver
what structure does the bile pass through on its way to the gallbladder?
common hepatic duct
What vessels does bile travel once expelled from the gall bladder?
gallbladder –> cystic duct –> common bile duct –> duodenum
what are the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas?
endocrine - produces hormones that regulate blood sugar - insulin, glucagon
exocrine - produces digestive enzymes - trypsin, chymotrypsin (aka. pancreatic juice)
What are the functions of the spleen?
- lymphatic organ - filters blood to remove old erythrocytes
- immune organ - contains B and T lymphocytes
what are the 3 major unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta that supplies the viscera?
- celiac trunk
- superior mesenteric artery
- interior mesenteric artery
what organs are supplied by the celiac trunk?
- liver
- stomach
- pancreas
- part of the duodenum
- spleen
what organs are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery?
- part of the duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
- cecum & appendix
- ascending colon
- 2/3 of transverse
what organs are supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery?
- remainder of transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
What are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk?
- splenic artery
- left gastric artery
- common hepatic artery
What are the main branches of the splenic artery?
- left - gastro-omental
What organs does the splenic artery supply?
spleen and greater curvature of the stomach
what are the main branches of the common hepatic artery?
- hepatic artery proper
2. gastroduodenal artery
What are the branches of the gastroduodenal artery?
- superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
2. right gastro-omental artery
what are the major branches of the superior mesenteric artery?
- inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
- jejunal and ileal arteries
- iliocolic artery - ileum, cecum, appendic, ascending colon
- right colic - ascending colon
- middle colic - 2/3 transverse colon
What are the major branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
- left colic artery - remaining 1/3 of transverse colon, descending
- sigmoid artery - descending, sigmoid
- superior rectal artery- rectum
What forms the hepatic portal vein?
- splenic vein
- superior mesenteric vein
- inferior mesenteric vein drains into the splenic vein
