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anat 316 > thorax and heart > Flashcards

thorax and heart Flashcards

1
Q

the thoracic cavity contains organs of which 4 systems?

A

respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, lymphatic system

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2
Q

how is the thoracic cavity subdivided?

A

R and L pleural cavities (surround lungs), mediastinum (central compartment), and pericardial (surrounds heart)

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3
Q

what are the anterior and posterior boundaries of the thoracic cavity

A

thoracic cage - ribs, sternum, thoracic spine, muscles

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4
Q

what is the inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity

A

diaphragm

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5
Q

where is the heart located with regards to the thoracic cavity?

A

middle mediastinum within pericardial cavity
posterior to sternum
between lungs
superior to the diaphragm

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6
Q

which way does apex of the heart point?

A

anteriorly, inferiorly, and to the left

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7
Q

how is the flow of blood within the heart controled?

A

via valves

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8
Q

which two circuits drive blood?

A

pulmonary and systemic

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9
Q

describe pulmonary circulation

A

right aorta pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated - this blood then goes from the lungs to the left ventricle

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10
Q

describe systemic circulation

A

left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body and deoxygenated blood returns to the right aorta

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11
Q

what is the pericardium

A

the pericardium is a layered fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart

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12
Q

what is the pericardium formed by

A

outside: outer fibrous pericardium
inside: inner serous pericardium

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13
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium

A

outer dense connective tissue layer that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great vessels. The base of the pericardium is fused with the central tendon of the diaphragm

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14
Q

what is the central tendon of the diaphragm?

A

aponeurosis/flattened tenidnous thickening of the diaphragm

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15
Q

what is the function of the fibrous pericardium

A

anchors heart in place, provides protection, and prevents over extension of the heart

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16
Q

what forms the serous pericardium?

A

two layers: parietal pericardium which is going to be fused with fibrous pericardium and visceral pericardium which is going to be adhered to the surface of the heart

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17
Q

what is the pericardial cavity/space?

A

this is the space between the parietal and the visceral pericardium (both of which are apart of the serous pericardium)

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18
Q

what does the pericardial space contain? why?

A

the pericardial space contains a small amount of pericardial fluid that acts as a lubricant reducing friction between the opposing surfaces of the heart and the pericardium as the heart beats

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19
Q

what is a potential space?

A

when adjacent structures ARE NORMALLY pressed together

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20
Q

what is the potential space in the pericardial cavity?

A

the space btw the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium

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21
Q

what forms the apex of the heart?

A

the ventricles

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22
Q

how can you orient yourself when looking at the heart?

A

the apex points left and inferiorly
The RIGHT atrium is below and slightly lateral to the aortic arch (can tell its the arch because it curves and has 3 vessels coming off)

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23
Q

where is the right coronary artery when looking at the heart anteriorly?

A

RIGHT SIDE, coming from behind the pulmonary trunk

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24
Q

what seperates the chambers of the heart?

A

septa

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25
Q

what separates the left and right ventricles?

A

the intraventricular septum

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26
Q

what does the atrioventricular groove seperate?

A

right aorta and right ventricle

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27
Q

what does the anterior interventricular groove seperate?

A

right and left ventricles anteriorly

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28
Q

what does the posterior inter ventricular groove separate

A

right and left ventricles posteriorly

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29
Q

how do you orient yourself to the front of the heart?

A

ANTERIOR VIEW: aorta should be positioned pointing posteriorly, the pulmonary trunk is also pointing posteriorly/to the left, the apex should be pointing to the left and down, the right side is bigger than the left side, the superior and inferior vena cava should be opposite side to the apex

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30
Q

how do you orient yourself to the posterior of the heart

A
  1. aorta is pointing towards you (slightly to the left)
  2. the pulmonary trunk should be crossing from the left towards the right
  3. the left atrium should have L+R sup/inf pulmonary veins going into it
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31
Q

what veins drain blood into the atria

A

R: SVC and IVC
L: Pulmonary veins

32
Q

which arteries bring blodo out off the heart?

A

L: Aorta
R: pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries

33
Q

what is coronary circulation

A

arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle itself

34
Q

What makes up arterial supply?

A

right coronary artery, left coronary artery, left anterior descending artery, and the circumflex artrery

35
Q

where is the right coronary artery?

A

ANTERIORLY: starts at aorta and then goes in the atrioventricular groove (the groove separating the Ratrium and Rventricle)
Posterir: comes around to the back staying in the right aterioventricular groove and then down

36
Q

where is th left coronary artery

A

ANTERIORLY: starts at aorta and moves straight across to the apex side of the heart

37
Q

where is the left anterior descending artery?

A

ANTERIORLY: comes off of left coronary artery, travels down anterior interventricular groove

38
Q

where is the circumflex artery?

A

ANTERIORLY: comes off left coronary artery and moves posteiorly
POSTERIORLY: comes around the left side of the heart, and moves below left atrium

39
Q

Where is the posterior descenfing artery?

A

Comes off of the right coronary artery and travels down the posterior interventricular groove

40
Q

what makes up the venous drainage of the heart?

A

Great cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein , and coronary sinus

41
Q

what role does the coronary sinus play in venous drainage

A

veins of coronary circulation empty into the coronary sinus and then drain into the right atrium

42
Q

where is the great cardiac vein?

A

ANTERIORLY: runs though the anterior interventricular groove

43
Q

where is the small cardiac vein?

A

ANTERIORLY: runs through atriventricular groove
POSTERIORLY: also runs through atrioventricular groove on the back

44
Q

Where does the middle cardiac vein go?

A

POSTERIORLY: runs up the interventricular groove

45
Q

where is the coronary sinus>

A

POSTERIOLY - btw the left atrium and ventricle

46
Q

where does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

the right atrium

47
Q

where is deoxygenated blood drained into?

A

the RIGHT atrium

48
Q

what drains blood into the rigth atrium?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

49
Q

what does the inferior vena cava drain?

A

lower limbs, pelvic and aadominal viscera

50
Q

what does the IVC divide into at the belly button ish

A

common iliac veins

51
Q

what does the superior vena cava drain

A

thorax, head, neck, and upper limbs

52
Q

what veins contribute to the SVC

A

(R internal jugular, R subclavian) = the R brachiocaphalic and (L internal jugular and L subclavian) = Left brachiocarphalic

53
Q

what is the fossa ovalis?

A

the closed foramen oval found as a depression on the interatrial septum within the right atrium

54
Q

what does the tricuspid valve seperate?

A

R atrium and R ventricle

55
Q

What does the bicuspid valve seperate?

A

L atrium and L ventricle

56
Q

what are anatomical features of the right atrium?

A

pectinate muscles
Fossa ovalis

57
Q

what are the vessels of the rigth atrium?

A

SVC, IVC, and the coronary sinus (drains into here)

58
Q

What is the valve of the rigth atrium?

A

tricuspid valve

59
Q

what are the anatomical features of the rigth ventricle?

A

Papilary muscles - muscles extending from wall that anchor choardae tendinae
Chordae tendinae - extensions that attach to valve cusps and prevent prolapse of the valve during contraction of ventricle
Traneculae carnea -muscle on inner surface of right ventricle that prevents inversion of the tricuspid valve

60
Q

what are the valves of the right ventricle?

A

tricuspid valve (btw the R aorta and R ventricle)
Pulmonary valve (btw the R ventricle and the pulmonary trunk)

61
Q

what are the vessels of the right ventricle?

A

pulmonary trunk which drains into L and R pulmnary arteries

62
Q

what are the anatomical features of the left atrium?

A

pectinate muscles

63
Q

what are the valves of the left atrium?

A

biscuspid valve (connects L atrium to L ventricle)

64
Q

What are the vessels of the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary veins

65
Q

What are the anatomical features of the left ventricle

A

Papilary muscles - muscles extending from wall that anchor choardae tendinae
Chordae tendinae - extensions that attach to valve cusps and prevent prolapse of the valve during contraction of ventricle
Traneculae carnea -muscle on inner surface of right ventricle that prevents inversion of the bicuspid valve

66
Q

what are the vessels of the left ventricle

A

Aorta

67
Q

What are the valves of the left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid valve (btw L aorta and L ventricle) and Aortic valve (btw L ventricle and Aorta)

68
Q

What are the branches that come off of the arch of the aorta

A

brachiocaphalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

69
Q

what does the braciocephalic artery become (in order)

A

Right commn artery branches off and it continues as the right subclavian artery

70
Q

what does the descending aorta supply?

A

blood to the thorax, abdomen, and lower limbs

71
Q

when does descending aorta end and what does it split into?

A

the descending aorta ends near the belly button and it splits into L and R common iliac arteries

72
Q

which ventricle has thicker walls?

A

the left ventricle bc it has to pump blood further

73
Q

how is heart innervated?

A

autonomically - sumpatheically by sympathetic track and parasympathetically by CN10 *vagus

74
Q

how does the posterior thoracic wall get blood?

A

the aorta contiues as the descending (thoracic) aorta which gives off posterior intercostal arteries that supply the posterior thoracic wall

75
Q

how does the anterior thoracic wall get blood?

A

R and L subclavian arteries give off the internal thoracic artery that gives off anterior intercostal arterues

76
Q

how is the thoracic cavity drained?

A

anterior and posterior intercotal veins drian into
RIGHT: azygous vein
LEFT: hemiazygous (lower) and the accessory hemiazygous (higher) veins then this will drain into the azygous vein

77
Q

how is the thoracic cavity intervated?

A

the ventral rami of the thoacic spinal nerves form intercostal nerves
Motor: innervate intercostal muscles
Sensory: innervate overlying skin

anat 316 (22 decks)

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