neuroanatomy - the human visceral system Flashcards
what are the parts of the diencephalon?
epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
where does the diencaphalon extend from and to
the diencephalon extends from the brainstem to the cerebrum, surrounding the 3rd ventricle
what is the function of the thalamus
info relay station: the thalamus relays sensory messages (just not smell) to the cerebral cortex, relays motor functions to the cerebral cortex, and regulates autonomic actives (ie sleep, alertness, and wakefulness)
what is the interthalamic adhesion
grey mater that joints left and right portions of the thalamus together
what is the internal capsule
thick band of white mater lateral to the thalamus
where is the hypothalamus
the hypothalamus is inferior to the thalamus
what is the function of the hypothalamus?
the hypothalamus controls body activities
regulates homeostasis
produces hormones that act on pituitary gland
regulates emotional and behavioural patterns with the limbic system,
plays a role in regulating eating and drinking
regulates body temp and circadian rythm
controls and integrates autonomic division of PNS (division of ANS)
what does the infundibulum do?
connects pituitary glands to the hypothalamus
where is the epithalamus
superior and posterior to the thalamus
what are the two distinct portions of the epithalamus
habenular nuclei and pineal gland
what is the function the the habenular nuclei
olfaction and emotional responses to odors
what is the function of the pineal gland
endocrine system and to secrete melatonin
what are the 3 structures of the brainstem, in ascending order?
medulla oblongata, pons, and then midbrain
what is the function of the medulla oblongata?
the medulla oblongata forms the inferior part of the brainstem and contains all sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts that connect spinal cord to the brain
what are the pyramids of the medulla
anterior prominent bulges of white mater where axons cross to opposite side at the decussation of pyramids
what does the decussation of pyramids allow for?
contralateral control
what is the function of the pons?
control center for respiration AND links brain n spinal cord
what is the function of the midbrain
auditory and visual pathways, also allows cerebral aqueduct to pass through connecting 3rd and 4th ventricles
what are the 4 tactum of the midbrain
superior colliculi (2) - these are reflex for visual activity
inferior colliculi (2) - these are reflex for auditory activity
which nervous system are cranial nerves apart of
peripheral nervous system
what is the 1st cranial nerve
olfactory (sensory)
what is the 2nd cranial nerve
optic (sensory)
What is the 3rd cranial nerve
oculomotor (motor)
What is the 4th cranial nerve
Trochlear (motor)
What is the 5th cranial nerve
trigeminal (sensory and motor)
What is the 6th cranial nerve
abducens (motor)
what is the 7th cranial nerve
facial (sensory and motor)
what is the 8th cranial nerve
vestibulocochlear (sensory)
what is the 9th cranial nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve (sensory and motor)
what is the 10th cranial nerve
vagus nerve (sensory and motor)
what is the 11th cranial nerve
accessory nerve (motor)
what is the 12th cranial nerve
hypoglossal nerve (motor)
what does the oculomotor nerve do?
movement of the eyeballs
what does the trochlear nerve do?
movement of the eyeballs
what does the trigeminal nerve do?
sends sensory innervation to the face, motor innervation to the muscles of mastification
where in the skull does the olfactory nerve exit?
cribifrom plate
where in the skull does the optic nerve exit?
optic canal
where in the skull does the oculomotor nerve exit?
superior orbital fissure
Where in the skull does the trochlear nerve exit?
optic canal
where in the skull does the trigeminal nerve exit
superior oribital fissure (ophthalamic branch), the foramen rotundum (maxillary branch), and the foramen ovale (mandibular branch)
what does the abducens nerve do?
movement of the eyeballs
where in the skull does the abducens nerve exit?
superior orbital fissure
what does the facial nerve do
controls muscles of facial expression and taste for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
where in the skull does the facial nerve exit
stylomastoid foramen
what is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
hearing and equilibrium
where in the skull does the vestibulochlear nerve exit?
the internal acoustic meatus
What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
taste for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
where in the skull does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit?
the jugular foramen
what is the function of the vagus nerve
autonomic regulation
Where in the skull does the vagus nerve exit?
the jugular foramen
What is the function of the accessory nerve
innervation of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
Where in the skull does the accessory nerve exit?
foramen magnum
What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve
speech, manipulation of food, swallowing
Where in the skull does the hypoglossal nerve exit?
the hypoglossal foramen
What exits via the superior orbital fissure
opthalamic branch of trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, and oculomotor nerve
what exits via the optic canal?
optic nerve
what exits via jugular foramen
glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
What are the protective structures of the spinal cord
vertebral column, spinal meninges. and CSF
What are the different spinal meninges from superficial to deep
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
What is dura mater
most superficial spinal meninge, thick and strong, composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and continous with meningeal layers of the brain
What is arachnoid mater
middle layer of spinal meninge, thin avascular covering, composed of epitheleal cells and thin strands f collagen, continous with cranial arachnoid mater
What is pia
Innermost layer of spinal meninge, thin transparent layer of connective tissue, has elastic fibers and blood vessels
what is epidural space
space btw vertebral canal and dua, acts as a cushion of fat and connective tissue for spinal cord
what is subdural space
space btw dura and arachnoid
What is subarachnoid space
space btw arachnoid and pia, contains shock absorbing CSF
what are denticulate ligaments
triangular shaped extensions of pia mater that project laterally and fuse with arachnoid mater. Function to protect spinal cord from displacement and sespend spinal cord in dural sheath
where is the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
from C4 to T1
cervicle enlargement function
accomidate grater number of nerve cells for upper extremities
where is the lumbosacral enlargement
from T9-T12
lumbosacral enlargement function
accommodate greater number of nerve cells for lower extremities
what is the conus medullaris
termination of the spinal cord
where is the conus medullaris located
it is located btw L1 and L2
what is the filum terminale
extension of the pia mater that attaches spinal cord to coccyx
what is the cauda equina
base of the vertebral column, it is the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves
what does the central canal contain?
CSF
what does the posterior horn of grey matter contain?
interneurons and axons of sensor neurons
what does the lateral horn grey matter contain?
cell bodies of autonomic motor nuclei for smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
what does the anterior horn of grey matter contain?
somatic motor nuclei for skeletal muscles
what is the function of funiculus of white mater
to contain axon bundles called tracks that carry ascending sensory and descending motor info
