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anat 316 > Lungs and Mediastinum > Flashcards

Lungs and Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

central compartment of the thoracic cavity
contains thoracic viscera outside of the lungs
bordered laterally by lungs and pleural cavities

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2
Q

what is the mediastinum bordered by anteriorly

A

sternum

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3
Q

what is the mediastinum bordered by inferiorly

A

diaphragm

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4
Q

what is the mediastinum bordered by posteriorly?

A

thoracic vertebral column

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5
Q

what are the two divisions of the mediastinum

A

superior and inferior

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6
Q

what seperates the superior mediastinum from the inferior mediastinum

A

every around and above the manubrium belongs to the superir mediastinum, everything below the manuberium of the sternum belongs to the inferior mediastinum

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7
Q

what viscera belongs to the superior mediastinum?

A

superior portions of the esophagus and the trachea

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8
Q

What vessels belong to the mediastinum?

A

arch of the aorta and branches, SVC, and bracgiocephalic veins

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9
Q

what are the divisions of the inferior mediastinum

A

anterior mediastinum, middle mediastinum, and the posterior mediastinum

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10
Q

where is the anterior mediastinum?

A

between the sternum and the pericardium (heart)

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11
Q

what gland does the anterior mediastinum contain?

A

thymus gland

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12
Q

what does the middle mediastinum contain?

A

heart and roots and great vessels

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13
Q

where is the posterior mediastinum located?

A

between heart (pericardium) and vertebral column

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14
Q

what does the posterior mediastinum contain

A

thoracic aorta, inferior esophagus, azygous system (axygoys, homozygous, accessory. homozygous)

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15
Q

what is the thymus gland

A

lymphoid organ - important site of white blood cell *T cell) maturation and hormone production

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16
Q

where is the thymus gland located?

A

in the chest, btw lungs and behind sternum

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17
Q

what structures make up the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary brochi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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18
Q

what does the trachea split into the carina?

A

the right and left primary bronchus

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19
Q

how many lobar/secondary bronchi does the right primary bronchus branch into

A

3

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20
Q

how many lobar/secondary bronchi does the left primary bronchus branch into

A

2

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21
Q

what comes affter the lobar bronchi?

A

the tertiary/segmetnal bronchi

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22
Q

how many tertiary/segmental bronchi are in each lung

A

9-10

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23
Q

what does each tertiary/segmental bronchi supply?

A

bronchopulmonary tract/bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

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24
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

25
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

26
Q

what is a distinguishing factor of the left lung?

A

cardiac notch

27
Q

what does the oblique fissure seperate in the left lung

A

superior and inferior lobe

28
Q

what does the horixonal fissure seperate in the right lung

A

the superior and the middle lobe

29
Q

what does the oblque fissure seperate in the right lung?

A

the middle and the inferior lobe

30
Q

what is the hilium of the lung?

A

depressed surface at the center of the medial surface of the lung - lies anteriorly to the 5th and 7th thoracic vertebrae, it is the point where various structures (mainly vessels) enter and exit lung

31
Q

in the hilium, which vessel is most superior

A

pulmonary artery

32
Q

in the lung which structure is most medial

A

pulmonary vein

33
Q

in the lung which structure is most inferior

A

pulmonary vein

34
Q

what is the parietal pleura?

A

pleura that covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall and extends over the diaphragm and mediastinum

35
Q

what is the visceral pleura?

A

pleura that covers the outer surfaces of the lungs - and extends the fissures between lobes

36
Q

what does the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura contain?

A

pleural fluid

37
Q

what does pleural fluid do?

A

lubricates pleural surface to reduce friction during lung inflation and deflation

38
Q

what does the respiratory portion include?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alverolar ducts, aveoli + alverolar sacs

39
Q

what is the role of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system

A

gas exchange

40
Q

what does the alveolar duct end in?

A

alveolar sac

41
Q

what are alveolar sacs made up of

A

alveoli

42
Q

what happens at alveoli

A

main site of gas exchange

43
Q

what gives lungs their spongy appearance

A

alveoli

44
Q

what makes alveoli so good at gas exchange? (2 things)

A
  1. extensive capilary network surrounds each alveolus
  2. elastic fibers surround alveoli which facilitates stretch and recoil during gas exchange
45
Q

what do pulmonary veins do?

A

carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium

46
Q

what enters and exits via the hilium?

A

pulmonary arteries and veins (and bronchus)

47
Q

what do bronchial arteries do?

A

carry oxygenated blood to the lungs and bronchi

48
Q

what do bronchial veins do?

A

carry deoxygenated blood from lungs and bronchi (blood drains into th azygous system)

49
Q

what does sympathetic innervation do to the airway?

A

bronchodialation

50
Q

what does parasympathetic innervation do to the airway

A

bronchoconstriction

51
Q

what does the phrenic nerve do?

A

innervate the diaphragm

52
Q

how are pressure and volume related in the lungs?

A

they are inversely related - as lung volume increases, lung pressure decreases so air is drawn into the lungs.
as lung volume decreases, pressure in the lungs increases relative to atmospheric pressure - air is drawn out of the lungs

53
Q

what is the primary muscle of inspiration

A

diaphragm

54
Q

what are the secondary muscles of inspiration

A

external intercostal muscles (elevate ribs)

55
Q

what are the primary muscles of expiration?

A

diaphragm

56
Q

what are the secondary muscles of expiration

A

internal intercostal muscle (depresses ribs)

57
Q

what happens to the alveoli during expiration

A

elastic recoil

58
Q

where does gas exchange btw lungs and blood take place?

A

alveolar and capilary walls

59
Q

how does CO2 leave the body?

A

CO2 diffuses across the respiratory membrane into the alveolus and is then expelled by respiration

anat 316 (22 decks)

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